Chapter 2

Question 1

Four atoms that make up 96% of body’s weight

Answer 1

Carbon (C), Hydrogen Oxygen (O), and Nitrogen (N)

Question 2

characteristics of an atom

Answer 2

• functional unit of an element
• smallest stable unit of matter that retaines the properties/ characteristics of an element
• contains protons, neutrons, and surrounding electrons

Question 3

element

Answer 3

pure substance composed of only one atom

Question 4

compound

Answer 4

2 or more different elements

Question 5

molecule

Answer 5

formed when two or more elements combined

Question 6

What charge does a proton have?

Answer 6

positive charge

Question 7

What charge does a neutron gave?

Answer 7

no charge

Question 8

What charge does electrons have?

Answer 8

negative charge

Question 9

How many electrons an be in the innermost shell of an atom have?

Answer 9

2

Question 10

How many electrons can an atom have in its outer shells?

Answer 10

8

Question 11

Atomic number

Answer 11

the number of protons in the nucleus; determines the identity of an element

Question 12

mass number

Answer 12

number of protons+number of neutrons

Question 13

How are molecules formed?

Answer 13

when atoms bond to each other by covalent bonds

Question 14

How are compounds created?

Answer 14

when atoms of different elements bond

Question 15

How are ions formed?

Answer 15

when an atom gains or loses electrons to become more stable

Question 16

cation

Answer 16

positive ion; lost electrons

Question 17

anion

Answer 17

negative ion; gained electrons

Question 18

How are ionic bonds formed?

Answer 18

when positive and negative ions attract each other because of electrical attraction?

Question 19

What creates salts?

Answer 19

Ionic bonds

Question 20

dissociate

Answer 20

to break above, dissolve

Question 21

What are electrolytes?

Answer 21

salts that dissociates in water at to form individual ions, very week bonds

Question 22

How are covalent bonds created?

Answer 22

when atoms share electrons

Question 23

atoms that share one pair of electrons

Answer 23

single bond

Question 24

atoms that share 2 pairs of electrons

Answer 24

double bond

Question 25

atoms that share 3 pairs of electrons

Answer 25

triple bond

Question 26

What kind of bond do organic molecules have?

Answer 26

carbon-carbon covalent bonds

Question 27

Is water an organic molecule?

Answer 27

No! Water's an inorganic molecule

Question 28

a liquid into which particles are dissolved

Answer 28

solvent

Question 29

partical that is dissolved

Answer 29

solute

Question 30

molecules that dissolve in water are...?

Answer 30

hydrophilic

Question 31

molecules that do not dissolve in water easily are...?

Answer 31

hydrophobic

Question 32

creation on macromolecules involve...

Answer 32

dehydration synthesis

Question 33

breakdown of macromolecules involve...

Answer 33

hydrolysis

Question 34

macromolecule

Answer 34

a large molecule

Question 35

subsances that release hydrogen ions

Answer 35

acids

Question 36

substances that releases hydroxide ions

Answer 36

bases

Question 37

blood pH less than 7.35

Answer 37

acidosis

Question 38

blood pH greater than 7.45

Answer 38

alkalosis

Question 39

chemical that take up excess hydrogen or hydroxide ions

Answer 39

buffer

Question 40

What do carbohydrates contain

Answer 40

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Question 41

simple carbohydrates

Answer 41

have a low number of carbon atoms (3-7)

Question 42

monosaccharides

Answer 42

simple sugars

Question 43

examples of monosaccharides

Answer 43

glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 44

main carbohydrate building block

Answer 44

glucose

Question 45

disaccharides

Answer 45

two monosaccharides joined together by dehydration reaction

Question 46

examples of disaccharides

Answer 46

sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), maltose (grain sugar)

Question 47

polysaccharides

Answer 47

contain many glucose subunits

Question 48

starch

Answer 48

storage form of glucose in plants

Question 49

glycogen

Answer 49

storage form of glucose in animals

Question 50

cellulose

Answer 50

found in plant cell walls

Question 51

difference between fats and oils

Answer 51

Fats - usually animal origin - solid at room temp - used for long term energy storage, insulation, and cushioning Oils - usually plant origin - liquid at room temp

Question 52

triglycerides

Answer 52

formed when one glycerol molecule reacts with the 3 fatty acid tails

Question 53

cholesterol

Answer 53

a structural component of the animal cell membrane; stabilizes the phospholipids tails in cellular membranes. It is also used to make steroid type hormones.

Question 54

proteins

Answer 54

very large molecules made up of amino acids help together in long folded chains by peptide bonds

Question 55

dipeptide

Answer 55

2 amino acids joined together

Question 56

polypeptide

Answer 56

3 or more amino acids joined together (proteins are large polypeptides)

Question 57

denaturation

Answer 57

irreversible change in the normal shape of a protein due to extremes in heat or pH

Question 58

nucleic acids

Answer 58

huge macromolecules composed or nucleotides

Question 59

Nucleotides are composed of 3 subunit molecules...

Answer 59

1. a phosphate 2. a pentose sugar 3. a nitrogen containing base

Question 60

2 different types of nucleic acids base on function and sugar present

Answer 60

DNA and RNA

Question 61

ATP

Answer 61

modified nucleic acid