Chapter 2 Flashcards
What is Ataxia?
failure of muscular coordination and balance due to damage to the cerebellum
How does brain plasticity compensate for the underdeveloped cerebellum
through the cerebral cortex functioning more efficiently
what happen if there is no stimuli to the brain
brain cannot orient the body and direct it to produce appropriate behavior
which part of the brain contains the most neuron
cerebellum
why is it that dog are able to perceive higher sound pitch than humans?
perceptual world construct by the dog brain differs from humans
why is there subjective difference in brain of different animals
allowing different animals to exploit different features in their environments
what did evolution create to equip a species with a view of the world that helped it survive?
adaptations
what does it meant by the brain being plastic?
connections among neurons in a given functional system are can change in response to experiance
what happen to the cortical region that takes part when we acquire new skills?
the cortical region taking part can increase in size to accommodate for the new skills
what does it mean by neuroplasticity
NS fundamental potential to physically or chemically modify itself in response to changing environment and compensates for age related changes and injury
neuroplasticity is part of a larger biological capacity called?
phenotypic plasticity - individual capacity to develop a range of phenotype
what does epigenetic factors do?
they influence how genes are inherited from parents express specific traits
what compromise of CNS
brain and spinal cord
what compromise of somatic nervous system (SNS)
spinal and cranial nerve which carry info TO the CNS from sensory receptors
what compromise of autonomic nervous system (ANS)
rest and digest; fight or flight
what compromise of enteric nervous system (ENS)
neurons embedded in lining of gut which controls the gut. Can communicate with CNS via ANS but mostly operates autonomously
describe afferent and efferent
afferent is info coming into CNS while efferent is info leaving the CNS
brain body orientation. Describe, dorsal, ventral, medial, lateral, anterior, posterior
dorsal - structure atop or within brain
ventral, structures towards the bottom of the brain of parts of the brain
medial- structure towards the brain midline
lateral - structure located towards the side
anterior - front
posterior - back
what is meninges
triple layer protective covering of fibrous tissue that is attached to the skull
name the 3 layers of meninges
outer - dura mater
middle - arachnoid membrane
inner - pia mater
where does the cerebrospinal fluid reside and what is it for?
in the meninges b/w arachnoid membrane and pia mater. Acts as a shock absorber. Also makes the brain buoyant so that it is 1/30 of its actual mass
what is meningitis
infection in the meninges and CSF
what is encephalitis
infection to the brain
what is hemispherectomy?
surgical removal of infected brain hemisphere
what is cerebral cortex, gyri and suki
cc - outer layer of brain
gyri - is bumps and suki is cracks of the brain
describe function of the 4 main parts of the brain
frontal lobe - executive functions such as decision making and voluntary movement
parietal lobe - directing movement
occipital lobe - visual
temporal lobe - hearing, facial recognition and emotional processing
what does the brainstem do?
responsible for critical function of life including heart rate, breathing, sleeping and eating
what are the 3 major arteries that sends blood to the brain
anterior, middle and posterior
what is stroke?
blockage or break in cerebral artery resulting severely reduced blood flow
what are the 2 type of stroke?
ischemic stroke - blood vessels is blocked and results in failure to deliver oxygen
hemorrhagic stroke is burst vessel bleeding into brain
- similar to the other but it also exposed neurons directly to toxic effect of hemoglobin (high level of iron)
how do you treat ischemic stroke?
medication of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) which helps prevent clotting
what are the difference b/w gray and white matter of the brain
grey - forms connection among cells
white - collects and process information
the brains 4 ventricles are filled with CSF made by a network of blood vessels called?
choroid plexus
what happen if there is a chemical change to CSF
dizziness and fainitng
what is the corpus callosum
it connects the 2 midbrain and allow them to communicate
below the corpus collosum resides various subcortical regions, what do this do?
makes intimate reciprocal connections with cortical areas that process sensory, perceptual, cognitive and motor functions
which hemisphere is responsible for understanding speech and which is for analyzing music
left is for speech and right for music
brain cells compromise of 2 things. describe their function
neurons which carry brains communicative, and info processing functions and glial cells which aid and modulate neurons activities
how does neuron connect to one another
fibers known as axons - they form a nerve tract
What are 3 regions of the brain and what is its function
frontbrain - olfaction, smell
midbrain - vission and hearning
hindbrain - control movements and balance
what conclusion was made with the octopus experiment
invertebrates display intelligent behavior, such as learning by observation
