Chapter 2 Flashcards
Human Movement System
(kinetic chain) is composed of three related systems, nervous (central and peripheral nerves), muscular (muscles, tendon, ligaments, and fascia), and skeletal(joints) systems.
nervous system
the system of nerves and nerve centers in an animal or human, including the brain, spinal cord, and ganglia.
sensory function
the human body ability to recognize changes in environment within the body and out of body
integrative function
the nervous system processes and interprets the sensory input and makes decisions about what should be done in each moment
motor function
the human body ability to respond to the information received from the sensory nervous system
proprioception
the total nervous systems input to the central nervous system creating the awareness of the position of ones body
neuron
a specialized impulse-conducting cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system, including the cell body and its processes, the axon and dendrites
sensory (afferent) neurons
a nerve cell that conducts impulses from a sense organ to the central nervous system
interneurons
a nerve cell that transmits nerve impulses between neurons
motor (efferent) neurons
a nerve cell that conducts impulses to a muscle, gland, or other effector
central nervous system
the part of the nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
the portion of the nervous system lying outside the brain and spinal cord that includes the cranial and spinal nerves
mechanoreceptors
any of the sense organs that respond to vibration, stretching, pressure, or other mechanical stimuli
muscle spindles
a proprioceptor that conveys information on the state of muscle stretch or length, important in the reflex mechanism that maintains body posture
Golgi tendon organs
a proprioceptive sensory nerve ending embedded among the fibers of a tendon that’s sensitive to muscle tension
joint receptors
sensory receptors in joint capsules that contribute (along with other sensory input) to awareness of joint position and movement (proprioceptive sensation)
skeletal system
the framework of the body, consisting of bones and other connective tissue, that protects and supports the body tissues and internal organs
Bones
hard connective tissue forming the substance of the skeleton, composed of collagen-rich organic matrix impregnated with calcium, phosphate, and other minerals
joints
the moveable or fixed place or part where two bones or elements of a skeleton join
axial skeleton
the skeleton of the head, vertebral column, and rib cage
appendicular skeleton
the bones of the limbs, including the pelvic girdles
remodeling
mature bone tissue is removed ( a process called bone resorption) and new bone tissue is formed (a process called ossification or new bone formation0
osteoclasts
cells that take away or remove mature bone tissue
osteoblasts
cells that are responsible for building up new bone tissue
epiphyseal
a part of a bone separated from the main body of the bone by a layer of cartilage and subsequently uniting with the bone through further ossification
diaphysis
the long narrow portion of an bone
epiphysis plate
the disk of cartilage between the shaft and epiphysis of a long bone during its growth
periosteum
the normal investment of bone, consisting of a dense, fibrous outer layer, to which muscles attach, and a more delicate, inner layer capable of forming bone
medullary cavity
a small cavity in the shaft of a long bone where blood cell formation occurs and marrow is stored
articular (hyaline) cartilage
a firm, elastic, flexible type of connective tissue that covers the end of a bone that makes up a joint
depressions
fast area of the bone
processes
a point in the bone used for muscular or ligaments mentors attachments
vertebral column
the column of 24 bones making up the spinal column (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar)
arthrokinematics
description of the movement of the joint surfaces when a bone moves through a range of motion
synovial joints
joins bone with a fibrous joint capsule that is continuous with the periosteum of the joined bones
non synovial joints
non-movable joint that exclude joint capsules, cartilage, and ligaments
ligaments
connects bone to bone and provides joint support
muscular system
all the muscles of the body collectively, especially the voluntary skeletal muscles
epimysium
the outermost layer of muscular connective tissue that encompasses the muscle fascicle
endomysium
the deepest layer of muscular connective tissue that encompasses muscle fascicle
tendons
a cord or band of dense, tough, inelastic, white, fibrous tissue, serving to connect a muscle with bone
sarcomere
like the neuron is to the nervous system the sarcomeres is the functional unit of muscle or any of the segments of myofibril in striated muscle fibers; composed of actin and myosin
neural activation
the nervous system activation of a muscle fiber via the neuromuscular junction`
motor unit
a motor neuron and the muscle fibers innervated by its axon
Neurotransmitters
any of several chemical substances, as epinephrine or acetylcholine, that transmit nerve impulses across a synapse to a post-synaptic element, as another nerve, muscle, or gland
excitation-contraction (sliding filament theory)
- the neurotransmitters ACh is released and attaches to receptors generating an action potential down the T tubules
- action potential triggers calcium (CA2+) release
- calcium binds to troponin removing there blocking action of tropomyosin and exposing the actin binding site
- contraction occurs by the myosin cross bridges alternately attach to actin and detach, pulling the filaments closer to the center of the sorcomere. detachment of actin from myosin requires ATP
- removal of calcium by active transport into the sarcoplasmic reticulum after the action potential ceases
- tropomyosin restores its location, covering the actin active site so no more contraction occurs
type 1 muscles
Endurance fibers; small; more oxygen and mitochondrial density; less power
type 2 muscle
less enduring; less oxygen delivery; more power and force; lager than type 1
type 1 muscle contraction speed
slow
type 1 muscle fatigue resistance
high
type 1 muscle force production
low
type 1 muscle aerobic enzymes
low
type 1 muscle anaerobic enzymes
low
type 1 muscle fiber diameter
small
type 2 muscle contraction speed
fast
type 2 muscle fatigue resistance
intermediate/low
type 2 muscle force production
intermediate/high
type 2 muscle aerobic enzymes
Intermediate/low
type 2 muscle anaerobic enzymes
high
type 2 muscle fiber diameter
intermediate/large
muscle functions are categorized as
agonist, synergist, stabilizer or antagonist
agonist muscle
prime mover
synergist muscle
assist the same movement as the prime mover
stabilizer muscles
stabilize the joints of the body during the movement
antagonist muscle
relax to allow the prime mover to work efficiently
name the agonist, synergist, stabilizer and antagonist for a dumbbell curl
agonist: bicep
synergist: brachioraldialis
stabilizer: rotator cuff
Antagonist: tricep
name the agonist, synergist, stabilizer and antagonist for a calf raise
agonist: gastrocnemius
synergist: posterior tibialis
stabilizer: intrinsic muscles of the ankle, knee and hip
antagonist: anterior tibialis
