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NASM CPT test > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Human Movement System

A

(kinetic chain) is composed of three related systems, nervous (central and peripheral nerves), muscular (muscles, tendon, ligaments, and fascia), and skeletal(joints) systems.

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2
Q

nervous system

A

the system of nerves and nerve centers in an animal or human, including the brain, spinal cord, and ganglia.

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3
Q

sensory function

A

the human body ability to recognize changes in environment within the body and out of body

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4
Q

integrative function

A

the nervous system processes and interprets the sensory input and makes decisions about what should be done in each moment

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5
Q

motor function

A

the human body ability to respond to the information received from the sensory nervous system

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6
Q

proprioception

A

the total nervous systems input to the central nervous system creating the awareness of the position of ones body

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7
Q

neuron

A

a specialized impulse-conducting cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system, including the cell body and its processes, the axon and dendrites

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8
Q

sensory (afferent) neurons

A

a nerve cell that conducts impulses from a sense organ to the central nervous system

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9
Q

interneurons

A

a nerve cell that transmits nerve impulses between neurons

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10
Q

motor (efferent) neurons

A

a nerve cell that conducts impulses to a muscle, gland, or other effector

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11
Q

central nervous system

A

the part of the nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

the portion of the nervous system lying outside the brain and spinal cord that includes the cranial and spinal nerves

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13
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

any of the sense organs that respond to vibration, stretching, pressure, or other mechanical stimuli

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14
Q

muscle spindles

A

a proprioceptor that conveys information on the state of muscle stretch or length, important in the reflex mechanism that maintains body posture

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15
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

a proprioceptive sensory nerve ending embedded among the fibers of a tendon that’s sensitive to muscle tension

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16
Q

joint receptors

A

sensory receptors in joint capsules that contribute (along with other sensory input) to awareness of joint position and movement (proprioceptive sensation)

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17
Q

skeletal system

A

the framework of the body, consisting of bones and other connective tissue, that protects and supports the body tissues and internal organs

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18
Q

Bones

A

hard connective tissue forming the substance of the skeleton, composed of collagen-rich organic matrix impregnated with calcium, phosphate, and other minerals

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19
Q

joints

A

the moveable or fixed place or part where two bones or elements of a skeleton join

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20
Q

axial skeleton

A

the skeleton of the head, vertebral column, and rib cage

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21
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

the bones of the limbs, including the pelvic girdles

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22
Q

remodeling

A

mature bone tissue is removed ( a process called bone resorption) and new bone tissue is formed (a process called ossification or new bone formation0

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23
Q

osteoclasts

A

cells that take away or remove mature bone tissue

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24
Q

osteoblasts

A

cells that are responsible for building up new bone tissue

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25
epiphyseal
a part of a bone separated from the main body of the bone by a layer of cartilage and subsequently uniting with the bone through further ossification
26
diaphysis
the long narrow portion of an bone
27
epiphysis plate
the disk of cartilage between the shaft and epiphysis of a long bone during its growth
28
periosteum
the normal investment of bone, consisting of a dense, fibrous outer layer, to which muscles attach, and a more delicate, inner layer capable of forming bone
29
medullary cavity
a small cavity in the shaft of a long bone where blood cell formation occurs and marrow is stored
30
articular (hyaline) cartilage
a firm, elastic, flexible type of connective tissue that covers the end of a bone that makes up a joint
31
depressions
fast area of the bone
32
processes
a point in the bone used for muscular or ligaments mentors attachments
33
vertebral column
the column of 24 bones making up the spinal column (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar)
34
arthrokinematics
description of the movement of the joint surfaces when a bone moves through a range of motion
35
synovial joints
joins bone with a fibrous joint capsule that is continuous with the periosteum of the joined bones
36
non synovial joints
non-movable joint that exclude joint capsules, cartilage, and ligaments
37
ligaments
connects bone to bone and provides joint support
38
muscular system
all the muscles of the body collectively, especially the voluntary skeletal muscles
39
epimysium
the outermost layer of muscular connective tissue that encompasses the muscle fascicle
40
endomysium
the deepest layer of muscular connective tissue that encompasses muscle fascicle
41
tendons
a cord or band of dense, tough, inelastic, white, fibrous tissue, serving to connect a muscle with bone
42
sarcomere
like the neuron is to the nervous system the sarcomeres is the functional unit of muscle or any of the segments of myofibril in striated muscle fibers; composed of actin and myosin
43
neural activation
the nervous system activation of a muscle fiber via the neuromuscular junction`
44
motor unit
a motor neuron and the muscle fibers innervated by its axon
45
Neurotransmitters
any of several chemical substances, as epinephrine or acetylcholine, that transmit nerve impulses across a synapse to a post-synaptic element, as another nerve, muscle, or gland
46
excitation-contraction (sliding filament theory)
1. the neurotransmitters ACh is released and attaches to receptors generating an action potential down the T tubules 2. action potential triggers calcium (CA2+) release 3. calcium binds to troponin removing there blocking action of tropomyosin and exposing the actin binding site 4. contraction occurs by the myosin cross bridges alternately attach to actin and detach, pulling the filaments closer to the center of the sorcomere. detachment of actin from myosin requires ATP 5. removal of calcium by active transport into the sarcoplasmic reticulum after the action potential ceases 6. tropomyosin restores its location, covering the actin active site so no more contraction occurs
47
type 1 muscles
Endurance fibers; small; more oxygen and mitochondrial density; less power
48
type 2 muscle
less enduring; less oxygen delivery; more power and force; lager than type 1
49
type 1 muscle contraction speed
slow
50
type 1 muscle fatigue resistance
high
51
type 1 muscle force production
low
52
type 1 muscle aerobic enzymes
low
53
type 1 muscle anaerobic enzymes
low
54
type 1 muscle fiber diameter
small
55
type 2 muscle contraction speed
fast
56
type 2 muscle fatigue resistance
intermediate/low
57
type 2 muscle force production
intermediate/high
58
type 2 muscle aerobic enzymes
Intermediate/low
59
type 2 muscle anaerobic enzymes
high
60
type 2 muscle fiber diameter
intermediate/large
61
muscle functions are categorized as
agonist, synergist, stabilizer or antagonist
62
agonist muscle
prime mover
63
synergist muscle
assist the same movement as the prime mover
64
stabilizer muscles
stabilize the joints of the body during the movement
65
antagonist muscle
relax to allow the prime mover to work efficiently
66
name the agonist, synergist, stabilizer and antagonist for a dumbbell curl
agonist: bicep synergist: brachioraldialis stabilizer: rotator cuff Antagonist: tricep
67
name the agonist, synergist, stabilizer and antagonist for a calf raise
agonist: gastrocnemius synergist: posterior tibialis stabilizer: intrinsic muscles of the ankle, knee and hip antagonist: anterior tibialis

NASM CPT test (1 decks)

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