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NASM CPT test > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Human Movement System

A

(kinetic chain) is composed of three related systems, nervous (central and peripheral nerves), muscular (muscles, tendon, ligaments, and fascia), and skeletal(joints) systems.

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2
Q

nervous system

A

the system of nerves and nerve centers in an animal or human, including the brain, spinal cord, and ganglia.

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3
Q

sensory function

A

the human body ability to recognize changes in environment within the body and out of body

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4
Q

integrative function

A

the nervous system processes and interprets the sensory input and makes decisions about what should be done in each moment

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5
Q

motor function

A

the human body ability to respond to the information received from the sensory nervous system

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6
Q

proprioception

A

the total nervous systems input to the central nervous system creating the awareness of the position of ones body

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7
Q

neuron

A

a specialized impulse-conducting cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system, including the cell body and its processes, the axon and dendrites

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8
Q

sensory (afferent) neurons

A

a nerve cell that conducts impulses from a sense organ to the central nervous system

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9
Q

interneurons

A

a nerve cell that transmits nerve impulses between neurons

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10
Q

motor (efferent) neurons

A

a nerve cell that conducts impulses to a muscle, gland, or other effector

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11
Q

central nervous system

A

the part of the nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

the portion of the nervous system lying outside the brain and spinal cord that includes the cranial and spinal nerves

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13
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

any of the sense organs that respond to vibration, stretching, pressure, or other mechanical stimuli

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14
Q

muscle spindles

A

a proprioceptor that conveys information on the state of muscle stretch or length, important in the reflex mechanism that maintains body posture

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15
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

a proprioceptive sensory nerve ending embedded among the fibers of a tendon that’s sensitive to muscle tension

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16
Q

joint receptors

A

sensory receptors in joint capsules that contribute (along with other sensory input) to awareness of joint position and movement (proprioceptive sensation)

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17
Q

skeletal system

A

the framework of the body, consisting of bones and other connective tissue, that protects and supports the body tissues and internal organs

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18
Q

Bones

A

hard connective tissue forming the substance of the skeleton, composed of collagen-rich organic matrix impregnated with calcium, phosphate, and other minerals

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19
Q

joints

A

the moveable or fixed place or part where two bones or elements of a skeleton join

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20
Q

axial skeleton

A

the skeleton of the head, vertebral column, and rib cage

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21
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

the bones of the limbs, including the pelvic girdles

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22
Q

remodeling

A

mature bone tissue is removed ( a process called bone resorption) and new bone tissue is formed (a process called ossification or new bone formation0

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23
Q

osteoclasts

A

cells that take away or remove mature bone tissue

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24
Q

osteoblasts

A

cells that are responsible for building up new bone tissue

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25
Q

epiphyseal

A

a part of a bone separated from the main body of the bone by a layer of cartilage and subsequently uniting with the bone through further ossification

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26
Q

diaphysis

A

the long narrow portion of an bone

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27
Q

epiphysis plate

A

the disk of cartilage between the shaft and epiphysis of a long bone during its growth

28
Q

periosteum

A

the normal investment of bone, consisting of a dense, fibrous outer layer, to which muscles attach, and a more delicate, inner layer capable of forming bone

29
Q

medullary cavity

A

a small cavity in the shaft of a long bone where blood cell formation occurs and marrow is stored

30
Q

articular (hyaline) cartilage

A

a firm, elastic, flexible type of connective tissue that covers the end of a bone that makes up a joint

31
Q

depressions

A

fast area of the bone

32
Q

processes

A

a point in the bone used for muscular or ligaments mentors attachments

33
Q

vertebral column

A

the column of 24 bones making up the spinal column (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar)

34
Q

arthrokinematics

A

description of the movement of the joint surfaces when a bone moves through a range of motion

35
Q

synovial joints

A

joins bone with a fibrous joint capsule that is continuous with the periosteum of the joined bones

36
Q

non synovial joints

A

non-movable joint that exclude joint capsules, cartilage, and ligaments

37
Q

ligaments

A

connects bone to bone and provides joint support

38
Q

muscular system

A

all the muscles of the body collectively, especially the voluntary skeletal muscles

39
Q

epimysium

A

the outermost layer of muscular connective tissue that encompasses the muscle fascicle

40
Q

endomysium

A

the deepest layer of muscular connective tissue that encompasses muscle fascicle

41
Q

tendons

A

a cord or band of dense, tough, inelastic, white, fibrous tissue, serving to connect a muscle with bone

42
Q

sarcomere

A

like the neuron is to the nervous system the sarcomeres is the functional unit of muscle or any of the segments of myofibril in striated muscle fibers; composed of actin and myosin

43
Q

neural activation

A

the nervous system activation of a muscle fiber via the neuromuscular junction`

44
Q

motor unit

A

a motor neuron and the muscle fibers innervated by its axon

45
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

any of several chemical substances, as epinephrine or acetylcholine, that transmit nerve impulses across a synapse to a post-synaptic element, as another nerve, muscle, or gland

46
Q

excitation-contraction (sliding filament theory)

A
  1. the neurotransmitters ACh is released and attaches to receptors generating an action potential down the T tubules
  2. action potential triggers calcium (CA2+) release
  3. calcium binds to troponin removing there blocking action of tropomyosin and exposing the actin binding site
  4. contraction occurs by the myosin cross bridges alternately attach to actin and detach, pulling the filaments closer to the center of the sorcomere. detachment of actin from myosin requires ATP
  5. removal of calcium by active transport into the sarcoplasmic reticulum after the action potential ceases
  6. tropomyosin restores its location, covering the actin active site so no more contraction occurs
47
Q

type 1 muscles

A

Endurance fibers; small; more oxygen and mitochondrial density; less power

48
Q

type 2 muscle

A

less enduring; less oxygen delivery; more power and force; lager than type 1

49
Q

type 1 muscle contraction speed

A

slow

50
Q

type 1 muscle fatigue resistance

A

high

51
Q

type 1 muscle force production

A

low

52
Q

type 1 muscle aerobic enzymes

A

low

53
Q

type 1 muscle anaerobic enzymes

A

low

54
Q

type 1 muscle fiber diameter

A

small

55
Q

type 2 muscle contraction speed

A

fast

56
Q

type 2 muscle fatigue resistance

A

intermediate/low

57
Q

type 2 muscle force production

A

intermediate/high

58
Q

type 2 muscle aerobic enzymes

A

Intermediate/low

59
Q

type 2 muscle anaerobic enzymes

A

high

60
Q

type 2 muscle fiber diameter

A

intermediate/large

61
Q

muscle functions are categorized as

A

agonist, synergist, stabilizer or antagonist

62
Q

agonist muscle

A

prime mover

63
Q

synergist muscle

A

assist the same movement as the prime mover

64
Q

stabilizer muscles

A

stabilize the joints of the body during the movement

65
Q

antagonist muscle

A

relax to allow the prime mover to work efficiently

66
Q

name the agonist, synergist, stabilizer and antagonist for a dumbbell curl

A

agonist: bicep
synergist: brachioraldialis
stabilizer: rotator cuff
Antagonist: tricep

67
Q

name the agonist, synergist, stabilizer and antagonist for a calf raise

A

agonist: gastrocnemius
synergist: posterior tibialis
stabilizer: intrinsic muscles of the ankle, knee and hip
antagonist: anterior tibialis

NASM CPT test (1 decks)

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