Chapter 19 - The Cardiovascular System (Blood)

Question 1

What is blood and what are its 3 functions?

Answer 1

Blood is liquid connective tissue.

The three functions of blood are:
1 - transportation (hormones, nutrients, oxygen, CO2)
2 -regulation (pH, temp)
3- protection (clotting, WBC)

Question 2

What are the 2 components of blood?

Answer 2

Plasma (55%) and formed elements (cells and fragments - 45%)

Question 3

What are the substances in blood plasma?

Answer 3

Water (91.5%), proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrogens), as well as electrolytes, gasses, enzymes, hormones, vitamins/minerals, lipids, and waste products, glucose.

Question 4

What are the formed elements?

Answer 4

WBC, RBC, platelets

Question 5

Hematocrit

Answer 5

% of total blood volume occupied by RBCs

Question 6

high or low -er than normal # of RBCs

Answer 6

anemia (low) and polycythemia (high)

Question 7

hemopoiesis

Answer 7

the formation of new blood cells from hemopoietic stem cells in red bone marrow.

Question 8

Erythropoietin (EPO) and Thrombopoietin (TPO)

Answer 8

Both are hemopoietic growth factors.
EPO - a hormone that increases the # of RBC.
TPO - a hormone that stimulates the formation of platelets.

Question 9

Describe the structure and function of RBCs

Answer 9

Also called erthrocytes
Structure - RBCs are biconcave discs + hemoglobin (peptide chains) + heme. RBCs lack a nucleus

Function - transport oxygen and waste (hemoglobin’s job)

Question 10

RBC and WBC

Answer 10

RBC = erythrocytes
WBC = leukocytes

Question 11

What stem cells give rise to RBCs, platelets, granuloycytes, and monocytes?

Answer 11

Meyloid

Question 12

What stem cells give rise to lymphocytes?

Answer 12

Lymphoid

Question 13

RBC lifecycle basics

Answer 13

• Live about 120 days
• Hemoglobin component of cells is recycled with the help of transferrin and ferritin
• New RBC formation is called erythropoesis and occurs in red bone marrow.
• Process is stimulated by hypoxia
• Spleen is involved in the removal of old RBCs

Question 14

WBC basics

Answer 14

• Nucleated cells w 2 main types - granulocytes and agranulocytes
• General function is to combat inflammation and infection
• WBCs may live for only a few hours or days.
• Normal levels of WBCs are 5000-10,000u/L

Question 15

3 types of granulocytes and what they do

Answer 15

1- Nutrophils (respond to general infection, stress, inflammation) - most numerous of WBC
2- Eosinophils (respond to histamine reactions) - WBC
3- Basophils (respond to lukemias, hypothyroidism, cancers) - WBC

Question 16

2 types of agranulocytes and what they do

Answer 16

1- lymphocytes (mediate immune response, may live for years) WBC
2- monocytes (phagyocytosis) - horseshoe shape nucleus - biggest WBC

Question 17

Platelet basics

Answer 17

Disc shaped cells that splinter from megakaryocytes.

Function is to stop blood loss from damaged vessels by forming platelet plugs.

Question 18

What involves the removal of red bone marrow from the iliac crest?

Answer 18

Bone marrow transplant

Question 19

Hemostasis

Answer 19

Stoppage of bleeding.

Steps:
1- Vascular spasam
2- Platelet plug formation
3- Clot formation with fibrin and formed elements

Initiated by extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of clotting.
Requires vit K

Question 20

Thrombosis

Answer 20

Clotting in an unbroken blood vessel.

A thrombosis that moves from the site of origin is called an embolus.

Question 21

2 types of blood groups

Answer 21

ABO

Rh

Question 22

What determines the ABO blood type?

Answer 22

The presence or absence of A and B antigens on the surface of RBCs.

Question 23

What are the possible Rh classifications?

Answer 23

Rh+, Rh-

Question 24

Describe hemolytic disease of the newborn

Answer 24

When an Rh- parent is pregnant with an Rh+ fetus