Chapter 19 (Patterns of Chromosome Inheritance)

Question 1

What is a chromosome?

Answer 1

The genetic material is arranged into chromosomes, structures that assist in the transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next

Question 2

What is the difference between chromosome and chromatin?

Answer 2

1. untangles and unfolded DNA that exists as a complex while chromosomes contain the highest condenses structure of the DNA double helix for proper separation.
2. Chromosomes are only found during cell division, where as chromatin is found throughout inter phase.

Question 3

What is a karyotype?

Answer 3

A karyotype is used to visualize the chromosomes of a cell

Question 4

Know the term for the genetically-identical chromosomal units, produced during replication, and attached at the centromere:

Answer 4

Sister chromatids; these chromosomes are said to be replicated or duplicated chromosomes because the two sister chromatids contain the same genes.

Question 5

Define the term centromere:

Answer 5

A centromere holds the chromatids together until a certain phase of mitosis, when the centromere splits.

Question 6

What are the parts of the cell cycle?

Answer 6

Interphase: G1 stage, S stage, G2 stage

Question 7

What is interphase?

Answer 7

in this time organelles in the cell carry on their usual functions. As the cell continues through interphase, it gets ready to divide. The cell grows larger, the number of organelles doubles, and the amount of chromatin doubles as DNA replication occurs.

Question 8

What happens during the G1 stage?

Answer 8

the cell returns to normal size and resumes its function in the body. A cell doubles its organelles and it accumulated the material needed for DNA synthesis. (GROWTH)

Question 9

What happens during the S stage?

Answer 9

a copy is made of all DNA in the cell. DNA replication occurs, so each chromosome consists of two identical DNA double-helix molecules. These molecules occur in the strands called sister chromatids. (GROWTH & DNA REPLICATION)

Question 10

What happens during the G2 stage?

Answer 10

the cell synthesizes the proteins needed for cell division, such as the proteins found in microtubules. (GROWTH AND FINAL PREPARATION FOR DIVISION)

Question 11

What is mitosis?

Answer 11

A type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth

Question 12

What is cytokinesis?

Answer 12

The cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells.

Question 13

What are the stages of mitosis?

Answer 13

Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase

Question 14

What happens during Prophase?

Answer 14

chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope, or membrane, breaks down.

Question 15

What happens during Prometaphase?

Answer 15

the spindle fibers attach to the centromeres as the chromosomes continue to shorten and thicken. During prometaphase, chromosomes are randomly placed in the nucleus.

Question 16

What happens during metaphase?

Answer 16

the cell’s chromosomes align themselves in the middle of the cell through a type of cellular “tug of war.” The chromosomes, which have been replicated and remain joined at a central point called the centromere, are called sister chromatids.

Question 17

What happens during anaphase?

Answer 17

begins when the duplicated centromeres of each pair of sister chromatids separate, and the now-daughter chromosomes begin moving toward opposite poles of the cell due to the action of the spindle.

Question 18

What happens during telophase?

Answer 18

the sister chromatids reach opposite poles. The small nuclear vesicles in the cell begin to reform around the group of chromosomes at each end.

Question 19

What happens at the G1 checkpoint?

Answer 19

cell cycle main checkpoint. If DNA is damaged, apoptosis will occur. Otherwise, the cell is committed to divide when growth signals are present and nutrients are available

Question 20

What happens at the G2 checkpoint?

Answer 20

mitosis checkpoint. Mitosis will occur if DNA has replicated properly. Apoptosis will occur if the DNA is damaged and cannot be repaired.

Question 21

What happens at the M checkpoint?

Answer 21

spindle assembly checkpoint. Mitosis will not continue if chromosomes are not properly aligned.

Question 22

What is apoptosis?

Answer 22

The death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth or development.

Question 23

What is signal transduction?

Answer 23

Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events, most commonly protein phosphorylation catalyzed by protein kinases, which ultimately results in a cellular response.

Question 24

Difference between parent cells and daughter cells.

Answer 24

Mitosis is the process a single cell uses to divide into two new identical cells. The original cell is called a parent cell, and the newly formed cells are referred to as daughter cells. This replication process assures that newly created daughter cells will each have the same DNA as the original parent cell.

Question 25

How many daughter cells are made from each parent cell during mitosis?

Answer 25

Mitosis creates two identical daughter cells that each contain the same number of chromosomes as their parent cell.

Question 26

Define the term mitotic spindle?

Answer 26

The mitotic spindle is the macromolecular machine that segregates chromosomes into two daughter cells during mitosis.

Question 27

Know which types of cells undergo mitosis and which undergo meiosis.

Answer 27

Whereas sexual reproductive cells (sperm, eggs, spores) undergo meiosis. Mitosis is when a cell divides to produce an identical copy of itself and is how we grow and replace old cells. Meiosis is when one diploid cell undergoes two divisions to form 4 haploid reproductive cells.

Question 28

Describe the difference between the number of chromosomes in a diploid cell and haploid cell

Answer 28

Diploid cells contain two complete sets (2n) of chromosomes. Haploid cells have half the number of chromosomes (n) as diploid.

Question 29

What is interkinesis?

Answer 29

Interkinesis or interphase II is a period of rest that cells of some species enter during meiosis, between meiosis I and meiosis II. No DNA replication occurs during interkinesis, however it does occur during the interphase I stage of meiosis

Question 30

Define monosomy.

Answer 30

Monosomy is a form of aneuploidy with the presence of only one chromosome from a pair. Partial monosomy occurs when a portion of one chromosome in a pair is missing.

Question 31

Define Trisomy.

Answer 31

A trisomy is a type of polysomy in which there are three instances of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two. A trisomy is a type of aneuploidy (an abnormal number of chromosomes).