Chapter 19 - Metabolism

Question 1

Calorie:

Answer 1

unit of Energy, the amount of energy need to raise 1g of water by 1C

Question 2

Kcal:

Answer 2

1000 calories (C),

Question 3

Caloric value of proteins, Carbs, and Fats:

Answer 3

4 kCals/g

carbs: 4 kCals/g
fats: 9 kCals/g

Question 4

BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate):

Answer 4

How many calories do you need just to stay alive and stay awake. This ranges from 1300 to 5000 kCals daily. BMR is determined by age, sex, body surface area, and level of thyroid secretion.

Question 5

Anabolism:

Answer 5

to Build up, Anabolic reactions include those that synthesize DNA and RNA, protein, glycogen, triglycerides, and others. Must occur consistently to replace those molecules that are hydrolyzed.

Question 6

Catabolism:

Answer 6

to Break down, the hydrolysis reactions (anabolic) break down the monomers to CO2 and water.

Question 7

turn over rates:

Answer 7

This is the rate at which a particular molecule is broken down and resythesized. E.G. the Daily rate that CHOs is 250 g/day.

Question 8

essential amino acids:

Answer 8

There are 9 in children and 8 in adults. Must have in diet because we cannot produce (synthesized) them. Lysine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, threonine, valine, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, and histidine.

Question 9

essential fatty acids:

Answer 9

Two that we need to eat: Linoleic acid (corn) & linolenic Acid (canola).

Question 10

What are the fat soluble vitamins:

Answer 10

A, D, E, and K

Question 11

What are the water-soluble vitamins:

Answer 11

Serves at the coenzymes in the metabolism of CHOs, Lipids, and Proteins. These are: Thiamine (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Pyridoxine (B6), Panothenice Acid, Biotin, Folic Acid, B12, Vitamin C (ascorbic acid).

Question 12

What are the minerals and trace minerals? Minerals are needed as cofactors for specific enzymes and for a wide variety of other critical functions. Ones required daily in large amounts: Na, K, Mg, Ca, P, and Cl. Trace elements are ingested in microgram amounts up to 30 mg. Eg: Fe, Zn, Mn, Fl, Cu, Molybedenum, Chromium, and Selenium.

Answer 12

Minerals are needed as cofactors for specific enzymes and for a wide variety of other critical functions. Ones required daily in large amounts: Na, K, Mg, Ca, P, and Cl. Trace elements are ingested in microgram amounts up to 30 mg. Eg: Fe, Zn, Mn, Fl, Cu, Molybedenum, Chromium, and Selenium.

Question 13

What are “free radicals”?

Answer 13

Highly reactive molecules that carry and unpaired electron. These can damage the tissues by removing an electron from, and thus oxidizing, other molecules.

Question 14

What are Antioxidants?

Answer 14

These inactive free radicals, the vitamins may afford protection against some of the diseases that may be cause by free radicals. E.G. Vitamin C (W-S V) and Vitamin E (F-S V).

Question 15

What are the “preferred energy sources” for different organs?

Answer 15

Each organ Preferred energy Sources. Brain: glucose. Skeletal Muscles: fatty acids. Ketones bodies, lactic acid, and amino acids can be used to different degrees as energy sources by various organs. Plasma usually contains adequate concentration of all of these.

Question 16

Calculate your own BMI:

Answer 16

BMI w/h2 (w= weight in kilograms (pound divided by 2.2) (h= height in meters (inches divide by 39.4). 22.8 (NORMAL)

W=150/2.2 = 68.2kg H=1.77/39.4 = 0.045

Question 17

What do “absorptive state, postabsorptive and fasting state mean”?

Answer 17

Absorptive State: absorption of energy carries from the intestine is not continuous; it rises to high level over a 4-hour period follow a meal. The Tapers toward zero and between meals, after each absorptive state has ended is Post absorptive and fasting state.

Question 18

From table 19.5, be able to describe the effect that insulin, glucagon and epinephrine have on: blood glucose levels, and on carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism.

Answer 18

See page 650

Question 19

IN my lecture I told you that: insulin tells cells to ___________________, and glucagon and epinephrine tell cells to ______________:

Answer 19

Price Law #5: Insulin tells cells to take up and store energy molecules. Glucagon tells cells to break down those stored molecules and release them for energy. Glucagon = Epinephrine (on liver & adipose cells)

Question 20

What are the stimuli for the release (or inhibition) of insulin and glucagon?

Answer 20

2 things stimulates the release of insulin: raise in blood sugar stimulates beta cells to cause release of insulin that takes up the increased sugar in blood from flood. Parasympathetic nervous system.
2 things that stimulus for release of Glucagon: low blood sugar levels, and sympathetic nervous system.

Question 21

What is the normal range of blood glucose levels?

Answer 21

The normal range during the absorption of a meal is between 140 and 150 mg/dl. During fasting this number I s 65 to 105 mg/dl.

Question 22

How is it that an “oral glucose tolerance test” can distinguish D. Mellitus? Pg. 653

Answer 22

The oral glucose tolerance test is a measure of the ability of the beta cells to secrete insulin and of the ability of insulin to lower blood glucose. A person drinks a glucose solution and blood samples are taken periodically for plasma glucose measurements. In a normal person, the rise in blood glucose produced by drinking this solution is reserved to normal levels within 2 hours following glucose ingestion. In contrast, the plasma glucose concentration remains at 200 mg/dl or higher 2 hours after the oral glucose challenge in a person with diabetes mellitus.

Question 23

Be able to give all of the names for the 2 types of D. Mellitus and other info about these 2 types. (Sugar Diabetes)
Type 1: Early onset (juvenile)– dependent on insulin. Insulin depended Diabetes mellitus. Autoimmune disease: virus infects beta cells & affects their ability to update insulin.
Type 2: Adult onset – Noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Epidemic associated with being overweight & obese.

Answer 23

Type 1: Early onset (juvenile)– dependent on insulin. Insulin depended Diabetes mellitus. Autoimmune disease: virus infects beta cells & affects their ability to update insulin.
Type 2: Adult onset – Noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Epidemic associated with being overweight & obese.

Question 24

Describe the effects of the catecholamines on metabolism. (see also # 8 above) Pg. 660, Fig 19.1

Answer 24

Epinephrine & norepinephine, stimulate glycogenolysis and release of glucose from liver, as well as lipolysis. Occur in response to glucagon during fasting and in response to the fight of flight reaction. Beta-adrenergic receptors.

Question 25

Describe the effects of the “glucocorticoids” on metabolism

Answer 25

Secreted by they adrenal cortex in response to ACTH stimulation (from the anterior pituitary). Prolonged fasting or exercise qualify as stressors, and thus glucocorticoid secretion is stimulated under these conditions. The glucocorticoids supports the effects of increased glucagon and decreased insulin secretion from the pancreatic islets. The catabolic actions of glucocortiocids help to raise the blood concentration of glucose and other energy-carrier molecules.

Question 26

Be able to describe the effects of thyroxine on metabolism

Answer 26

Stimulates the production of uncoupling proteins and the rate of cell respiration; increases the production of metabolic heat. (calorigenic effects - heat-producing)

Question 27

What are “Insulin- like Growth Factors”? PG 662

Answer 27

IGFs are polypeptides that are similar in structure to proinsulin. They have insulin like effects and serves as mediators for some growth hormone’s actions. Somatomedins is often used to refer to tow of these factors: IGF-1, IGF-2 because they mediate the actions of somatotropin (GH). Liver produces and secretes IGF-1, major target is cartilage, where IGF-1 stimulates cell division and growth.

Question 28

What effects does GH have on metabolism?

Answer 28

GH has both anabolic and catabolic effects; promotes protein synthesis (anabolism), and is similar to insulin. Also stimulates the catabolism of fat and the release of fatty acids from adipose tissue during periods of fasting. GH stimulates the cellular update of amino acids and protein synthesis in many organs.

Question 29

Gigantism:

Answer 29

Abnormal body growth due to the excessive secretion of growth hormones.

Question 30

Acromegaly:

Answer 30

A condition caused by the hyper secretion of growth hormones from the pituitary after maturity and characterized by enlargement of the extremities, such as the nose, jaws, fingers, and toes.

Question 31

Dwarfism:

Answer 31

A condition in which a person is undersized because of inadequate secretion of growth hormone.

Question 32

absorption:

Answer 32

Occurs in the small intestine when absorbing nutrients.

Question 33

Reabsorption:

Answer 33

Occurs in the kidneys, reabsorb nutrients (which would have been lost) back into the body

Question 34

Bone Resorption:

Answer 34

(dissolution of hydroxyapatite) produced by Osteoclasts, results in the return of bone calcium and phosphate to blood.

Question 35

Know and understand the figures 19.21-19.24, especially as regarding Vit. D3, PTH, Calcitonin.

Answer 35

Enzyme skin needed

Question 36

What causes the “sealing of the epiphyseal discs”?

Answer 36

IGF1 & 2, and Estrogen causes the sealing of the epipyseal discs.

Question 37

Osteoporosis:

Answer 37

Most common bone disorder in elderly people. This is characterized by the parallel losses of mineral and organic matrix from bone, reducing the bone mass and density, and increasing the risk of fractures. The withdrawal of sex steroids causes increased formation of osteoclasts, producing an imbalance between bone resorption and bone deposition.

Question 38

Rickets:

Answer 38

(in Children) in adequate intake of vitamin D results in inadequate calcification of the organic matrix in bones. In Adults this is called Osteomalicia.

Question 39

Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica:

Answer 39

Excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone results in this, which excessive osteoclast activity causes resorption of both the mineral and organic components of bone, which are then replaced by fibrous tissue.