Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biol 302 > Chapter 19: Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 19: Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Albumins

A

smallest and most numerous plasma protein

maintain osmotic pressure - important in exchange of fluids across blood capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Globulins (alpha, beta, gamma)

A

large proteins, develop B lymphocytes which help attack viruses and bacteria

alpha and beta: transport iron, lipids, and fat sol. vits

gamma: called antibodies or immunoglobins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

3 major blood plasma proteins

A

albumin, globulin, fibrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Fibrogens

A

blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the formed elements in blood?

A

RBC, WBC, platelets

45%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hematocrit

A

percentage of total blood volume that is occupied by RBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Order of importance of WBC

A 
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes (become macrophages)
Eosinophils
Basophils
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are platelets formed from and what’s another name?

A

broken down megakariocytes;

thrombocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the order of centrifuged blood from top to bottom and what percentage?

A

TOP: plasma (55%)

MIDDLE: Buffy coat (WBC/platelets)

BOTTOM: RBC (45%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Explain some characteristics of neutrophils

A

nucleus contains 2-5 lobes connected by chromatin
phagocytosis

contains Barr bodies

first line of defense

spherical when inactive, but change shape when activated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Explain some characteristics of lymphocytes (include the three big types)

A

vary in size, but the larger in size the more visible the cytoplasm; important roles in immune response including antigen-antibody reactions

B CELLS=develop into plasma cells which secrete antibodies

T CELLS=attack invading viruses, cancer cells, transplanted tissue cells

NK CELLS=attack wide variety of infectious microbes and spontaneous tumor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain some characteristics of monocytes

A

largest WBC with a horseshoe-shaped nucleus

no direct function in plasma, but once emigrated they transform into macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Explain some characteristics of eosinophils

A

nucleus contains 2 lobes connected by chromatin
only in blood 3-4 hours then tissue 10 days

increase in number during parasitic invasion and allergic reactions - combat effects of histamine

phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes
clot dissociation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Explain some characteristics of basophils

A

nucleus has 2 lobes which are twisted into an “S” shape
largest granules, but least abundent

liberates heparin, histamine, and serotonin in allergic reactions that intensify overall inflammatory response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the components of hemoglobin & describe them

A

globin: chain of 4 polypeptides (2 alpha, 2 beta)
heme: nonprotein cofactor with an iron containing ring (porphyrin) which allows 4 oxygen molecules to attach

Also binds CO2 and NO (vasodilator so regulates blood flow and blood pressure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do RBCs produce energy?

A

Do not contain mitochondria so use aerobic respiration

17
Q

What happens to damaged/dying RBC’s?

A

phagocytized by macrophages in the spleen (also in red bone marrow and liver) breaking it into globin and heme portions

rate of formation = rate of destruction

18
Q

Trace the pathway of the iron group from heme break down.

A
  1. Fe2+
  2. Fe3+
  3. Fe3+–transferrin (leave spleen)
  4. ferritin storage (in liver)
  5. Fe3+–transferrin to the red bone marrow
  6. erythropoiesis in red bone marrow;
    [Fe3+, B12, globin, amino acids, EPO (erythropoietin)] to form new RBC
  7. RBC into circulation
19
Q

Trace the pathway of the non-iron group from heme break down.

A
  1. biliverden (green color)
  2. bilirubin (yellow color) leaves spleen
  3. bilirubin enters liver
  4. enter small intestine via bile
  5. with bacteria forms urobilinogen
  6. breaks into urobilin (to kidney to be excreted in urine;yellow) and stercobilin (feces; brown color)
20
Q

What are the steps of erythropoiesis beginning with the pluripotent stem cell?

A

Hemocytoblast (pluripotent stem cell) > myeloid stem cell > proerythroblast > nucleus ejected > formation of reiculocyte (contains some organelles) > released into blood > organelles ejected > (1-2 days; organelles ejected) > RBC (erythrocyte)

21
Q

Procrit and Epogen

A

used to help increase RBC production

22
Q

How do cancer patients often get anemia and fatigue?

A

Tumor cells are rapidly growing so they absorb blood more quickly which would contain toxins (chemotherapy), but this would also affect the RBC (and hair loss)

23
Q

What are the three ways athletes blood dope? What is a major risk?

A
  1. increase erythropoietin
  2. remove RBC and then re-inject later
  3. practice at high altitudes

Increase in RBC and increase the viscosity of the blood

24
Q

Two forms of stem cell transplants:

A
  1. Bone marrow transplant from a matching donor; takes 2-3 weeks to attach and placed on immunosuppressin drugs to avoid rejection
  2. cord-blood transplant from stem cells in an umbilical cord - these cells are much younger and more fusible
25
Q

What is hemostasis? What are the three mechanisms?

A

a sequence of responses that stops bleeding to prevent hemorrhaging (large amounts of bleeding)

  1. Vascular spasm
  2. Platelet plug formation
  3. Blood clotting
26
Q

Three steps in vascular spasm:

A
  1. Smooth muscle damage
  2. When damage has occurred, endothelial and platelets release substances causing contraction
  3. Reflex initiated by pain receptors to prevent blood loss
27
Q

What are platelets formed from?

A

broken down megakaryocytes (small but carry many substances)

28
Q

Relationship between platelets and endothelial/smooth muscle

A

platelets don’t adhere to endo/SM because endo secretes nitric oxide and prostacyclin which prevent platelet aggrigation by opposing thomboxane A2

29
Q

Three steps in platelet plug formation:

A
  1. Platelet Adhesion: platelets bind to damaged/exposed collagen fibers
  2. Platelet release Action: platelets release ADP, serotonin, and thromboxane A2 (S&T are vasoconstrictors ~ enhances vascular spasm)
  3. Platelet Aggregation: the release of ADP causes platelets to become sticky and form a platelet plug mass
30
Q

Von Willebrand factor:

A

made by endothelial cells and helps join plugs together and stabilize the area

31
Q

thromboplastin

A

tissue factor in extrinsic pathway made up of lipoproteins and phospholipids

32
Q

steps of extrinsic pathway

A
  1. tissue trauma
  2. tissue factor (thromboplastin) enters from outside the blood
  3. TF combines with calcium to form activated Factor X
  4. Factor X combines with calcium and Factor V to form prothrombinase
  5. prothombinase converts prothrombin to thrombin with calcium
  6. thrombin converts fibrinogen (soluble) to loose fibrin (insoluble); thrombin also activates Factor XIII
  7. Factor XIII strengthens the loose fibrin molecules (crosslinking enzyme)
33
Q

steps of intrinsic pathway

A
  1. blood trauma
  2. activated Factor XII with calcium forms activated Factor X
  3. Factor X along with calcium, factor V, and platelet phospholipids activate prothrombinase
  4. prothrombinase cleaves prothrombin into thrombin
  5. thrombin converts fibrinogen to loose fibrin and activates Factor XIII
  6. loose fibrin is converted to tightened fibrin by Factor XIII
34
Q

Difference between extrinsic and intrinsic pathway?

A

Extrinsic: happens within seconds; due to tissue damage

Intrinsic: happens within minutes; due to endothelial damage; includes factor XII

Biol 302 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions