Chapter 19 - Blood Flashcards
What are the three main components of the cardiovascular system?
Blood, heart, blood vessels
What is blood primarily classified as?
Specialized connective tissue
What are the two main components of whole blood?
- Plasma
- Formed elements
List four functions of blood.
- Transports dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic waste
- Regulates pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids
- Restricts fluid losses at injury sites
- Defends against toxins and pathogens
What is the average adult blood volume?
About 5 liters
What is the typical pH range of blood?
7.35-7.45
What is hematocrit?
Percentage of red blood cells in blood
What is the buffy coat composed of?
Platelets and white blood cells
What percentage of blood volume does plasma make up?
46-63%
What are the main components of plasma?
- Plasma proteins
- 92% water
- Other solutes: organic nutrients and wastes, electrolytes
What are the three main types of plasma proteins?
- Albumins
- Globulins
- Fibrinogen
What is the primary function of albumins?
Transport fatty acids, thyroid hormones, and some steroid hormones
What role does fibrinogen play in the blood?
Functions in clotting, converted to fibrin during coagulation
What is hemopoiesis?
Formation of blood cells
What are the three types of formed elements in blood?
- Red blood cells
- White blood cells
- Platelets
What are red blood cells also known as?
Erythrocytes
What percentage of formed elements do red blood cells constitute?
99.9%
What is the primary function of hemoglobin?
Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
What is the structure of hemoglobin?
Complex quaternary structure with 2 alpha and 2 beta chains
What is erythropoiesis?
Red blood cell formation
What hormone stimulates erythropoiesis?
Erythropoietin (EPO)
What are leukocytes commonly known as?
White blood cells
What is the most abundant type of white blood cell?
Neutrophils
What is the primary function of eosinophils?
Attack large parasites and are sensitive to allergens
What role do basophils play in inflammation?
Enhance local inflammation by releasing histamine and heparin
What do monocytes become after migrating into tissues?
Macrophages
What are the three classes of lymphocytes?
- T cells
- B cells
- Natural Killer (NK) cells
What is the function of T cells?
Responsible for cell-mediated immunity
What do B cells primarily defend against?
Involves antibodies
What are platelets also known as?
Thrombocytes
What is hemostasis?
Process of stopping bleeding
List the three phases of hemostasis.
- Vascular phase
- Platelet phase
- Coagulation phase
What occurs during the vascular phase of hemostasis?
Vascular spasm reduces blood flow and blood loss
What is the function of platelet adhesion?
Platelets attach to exposed collagen and sticky endothelium
What are the two pathways involved in coagulation?
- Extrinsic pathway
- Intrinsic pathway
What factors are essential for the clotting process?
- Calcium ions
- Vitamin K
What condition is characterized by a low platelet count?
Thrombocytopenia
What is hemophilia?
Inherited bleeding disorder
What is thrombophilia?
Increased clot formation
