Chapter 19: Blood Flashcards
what does the cardiovascular system consist of?
1) a pump = heart
2) series of conducting hoses = blood vessels
3) fluid connective tissue = blood
what are the functions of blood?
1) transporting dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes
2) regulates pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids
3) restricting fluid losses at injury sites
3) defending against toxins and pathogens
4) stabilizing body temperature
what are the characteristics of blood?
1) hotter (100.4 degrees F, 38 degrees C)
2) high viscosity
3) slightly alkaline (7.35-7.45)
4) blood volume (L) = 7% of body weight (kg)
what is the whole composition of blood?
plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%)
what does plasma consist of?
1) albumin (60%) where it contributes to the osmotic pressure (transport)
2) globulins (35%) where it has antibodies and transport globulins that attack foreign proteins and pathogens as well as bind small ions, hormones, and other compounds
3) fibrinogen (4%) that aids in blood clot
what organ synthesize and release more than 90% of plasma proteins?
the liver
what are other solutes in plasma?
organic nutrients, electrolytes, and organic wastes
what does formed elements consist of?
platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells
where do platelets come from?
megakaryocytes (a part of their cytoplasm is pinched off)
what is hemopoiesis?
process of forming formed elements
what is hemacrit?
% of blood that is formed element
what are characteristics of red blood cells?
they are biconcave that can form stacks, bend and flex, has no mitochondria, and has hemoglobin
what is hemoglobin?
red pigment for blood and bind and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
what does a hemoglobin molecule consist of?
four polypeptide chains and one heme that can carry up to four oxygen
what is the function of hemoglobin?
each RBC contains about 280 millions Hb molecules
in peripheral capillaries where O2 is low, hemoglobin releases O2 and binds CO2 forming carbaminohemoglobin
at the lungs where O2 is high, hemoglobin will bind O2 and release CO2
what color is portrayed with deoxyhemoglobin?
dark red
what color is portrayed with oxyhemoglobin?
light red
what is erythropoiesis?
creation of red blood cells
what is erythropoietin (EPO)?
hormone that stimulates erythropoiesis
shortens time of erythropoiesis from 7 days to 2 days
drives hemopoietic stem cells
secreted by kidneys and liver
when oxygen is low in peripheral tissues (hypoxia)
what is blood doping?
a dangerous practice used by some athletes
re-infused packed RBCs to elevate hemacrit
can lead to stroke because it increase viscosity of blood
what does erythropoiesis require?
amino acids, iron, follic acid, and vitamins B12 and B6
what does lack of B12 lead to?
anemia (a condition in which the oxygen carrying capacity of blood is reduced)
where does erythropoiesis occur?
in the red bone marrow
what are urobilins and sterocobilins?
urobilins = pigment for urine sterocobilin = pigment for feces
what are the antigens and antibodies for type A blood?
A antigen
anti-B antibodies
what are the antigens and antibodies for type A blood?
B antigen
anti-A antigen
what are the antigens and antibodies for type AB blood?
AB antigen
no antibodies
what are the antigens and antibodies for type O blood?
neither A or B antigens
anti-A and anti-B antibodies
what are antigens?
substances that can transfer immune response
what are antibodies?
globulins that can attach to antigens
what happens if you mix wrong blood?
agglutination and lysing occur
what is hemolytic disease of newborn?
problem: mother is Rh- and baby is Rh +
When mixing of fetal and maternal blood can stimulate the mother’s immune system to produce anti-Rh antibodies leading to sensitization
For the first baby, they are not affected. However, in future pregnancies anti-Rh antibodies produced after the first delivery cross the placenta and enter the fetal bloodstream. These antibodies destroy fetal RBCs and produce anemia which will also cause the baby to die.
HDN= erythroblastosis fetalis
