Chapter 19: Blood

Question 1

what does the cardiovascular system consist of?

Answer 1

1) a pump = heart
2) series of conducting hoses = blood vessels
3) fluid connective tissue = blood

Question 2

what are the functions of blood?

Answer 2

1) transporting dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes
2) regulates pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids
3) restricting fluid losses at injury sites
3) defending against toxins and pathogens
4) stabilizing body temperature

Question 3

what are the characteristics of blood?

Answer 3

1) hotter (100.4 degrees F, 38 degrees C)
2) high viscosity
3) slightly alkaline (7.35-7.45)
4) blood volume (L) = 7% of body weight (kg)

Question 4

what is the whole composition of blood?

Answer 4

plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%)

Question 5

what does plasma consist of?

Answer 5

1) albumin (60%) where it contributes to the osmotic pressure (transport)
2) globulins (35%) where it has antibodies and transport globulins that attack foreign proteins and pathogens as well as bind small ions, hormones, and other compounds
3) fibrinogen (4%) that aids in blood clot

Question 6

what organ synthesize and release more than 90% of plasma proteins?

Answer 6

the liver

Question 7

what are other solutes in plasma?

Answer 7

organic nutrients, electrolytes, and organic wastes

Question 8

what does formed elements consist of?

Answer 8

platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells

Question 9

where do platelets come from?

Answer 9

megakaryocytes (a part of their cytoplasm is pinched off)

Question 10

what is hemopoiesis?

Answer 10

process of forming formed elements

Question 11

what is hemacrit?

Answer 11

% of blood that is formed element

Question 12

what are characteristics of red blood cells?

Answer 12

they are biconcave that can form stacks, bend and flex, has no mitochondria, and has hemoglobin

Question 13

what is hemoglobin?

Answer 13

red pigment for blood and bind and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 14

what does a hemoglobin molecule consist of?

Answer 14

four polypeptide chains and one heme that can carry up to four oxygen

Question 15

what is the function of hemoglobin?

Answer 15

each RBC contains about 280 millions Hb molecules

in peripheral capillaries where O2 is low, hemoglobin releases O2 and binds CO2 forming carbaminohemoglobin

at the lungs where O2 is high, hemoglobin will bind O2 and release CO2

Question 16

what color is portrayed with deoxyhemoglobin?

Answer 16

dark red

Question 17

what color is portrayed with oxyhemoglobin?

Answer 17

light red

Question 18

what is erythropoiesis?

Answer 18

creation of red blood cells

Question 19

what is erythropoietin (EPO)?

Answer 19

hormone that stimulates erythropoiesis
shortens time of erythropoiesis from 7 days to 2 days
drives hemopoietic stem cells

secreted by kidneys and liver

when oxygen is low in peripheral tissues (hypoxia)

Question 20

what is blood doping?

Answer 20

a dangerous practice used by some athletes
re-infused packed RBCs to elevate hemacrit

can lead to stroke because it increase viscosity of blood

Question 21

what does erythropoiesis require?

Answer 21

amino acids, iron, follic acid, and vitamins B12 and B6

Question 22

what does lack of B12 lead to?

Answer 22

anemia (a condition in which the oxygen carrying capacity of blood is reduced)

Question 23

where does erythropoiesis occur?

Answer 23

in the red bone marrow

Question 24

what are urobilins and sterocobilins?

Answer 24

urobilins = pigment for urine
sterocobilin = pigment for feces

Question 25

what are the antigens and antibodies for type A blood?

Answer 25

A antigen

anti-B antibodies

Question 26

what are the antigens and antibodies for type A blood?

Answer 26

B antigen

anti-A antigen

Question 27

what are the antigens and antibodies for type AB blood?

Answer 27

AB antigen

no antibodies

Question 28

what are the antigens and antibodies for type O blood?

Answer 28

neither A or B antigens

anti-A and anti-B antibodies

Question 29

what are antigens?

Answer 29

substances that can transfer immune response

Question 30

what are antibodies?

Answer 30

globulins that can attach to antigens

Question 31

what happens if you mix wrong blood?

Answer 31

agglutination and lysing occur

Question 32

what is hemolytic disease of newborn?

Answer 32

problem: mother is Rh- and baby is Rh +

When mixing of fetal and maternal blood can stimulate the mother’s immune system to produce anti-Rh antibodies leading to sensitization

For the first baby, they are not affected. However, in future pregnancies anti-Rh antibodies produced after the first delivery cross the placenta and enter the fetal bloodstream. These antibodies destroy fetal RBCs and produce anemia which will also cause the baby to die.

HDN= erythroblastosis fetalis