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A&P 2 > Chapter 19 > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Flashcards

1
Q

7 ways blood helps maintain homeostasis

A

1) transport gases, nutrients, and waste products

2) transport of processed molecules
ex. Vitamin D produced in skin, transported to liver by blood

3) transport of regulatory molecules (enzymes&hormones)
4) regulation of pH & osmosis
5) reg of temp
6) protect against foreign substances
7) clot formation

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2
Q

Normal pH range in body

A

7.35-7.45

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3
Q

Define blood

A

Connective tissue consisting of liquid matrix containing cells and fragments

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4
Q

Facts about blood

A

Female adult has 4-5 L
Male adult has 5-6 L
Blood makes up 8% body weight

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5
Q

% of plasma and formed elements in blood

A

55% plasma, 45% formed elements

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6
Q

Plasma composition

A

Mostly water, 7% protein

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7
Q

Where is formed elements originated from

A

Red bone marrow

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8
Q

Formed elements

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

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9
Q

Colloid

A

Liquid containing suspended substances that do not settle

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10
Q

3 major proteins in plasma

A

Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

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11
Q

Albumin

A

Regulates water movement between tissues and blood, maintains blood colloid osmotic pressure

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12
Q

Globulins

A

Transport many substances, ex is antibodies

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13
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Forms blood clots

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14
Q

Serum

A

Plasma without clotting factor

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15
Q

Formed elements derived from

A

Hemocytoblasts

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16
Q

Hemocytoblasts give rise to 2 stem cells

A

Myeloid and lymphoid

17
Q

Myeloid stem cells give rise to

A

RBC platelets and WBC

18
Q

Lymphoid stem cells give rise to

A

Lymphocytes

19
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Production of red blood cells

  • kidneys produce erythropoietin to stimulate*
  • takes about 4 says*
20
Q

Red blood cells contain

A

Hemoglobin and anhydrase

21
Q

Hemoglobin molecule contains

A

4 heme and 4 globin molecules

  • heme transport O2
  • globin transport CO2

Iron required for O2 transport
Carbonic anhydrase involved w CO2 transport

22
Q

Describe erythropoiesis production

A

1) stem cells in red bone marrow create erythroblasts
2) erythroblasts loose nuclei and are released into blood as reticulocytes
3) loss of ER produces RBC

23
Q

Function WBC

A

Protect against microorganisms and remove dead cells/debris

24
Q

5 types of WBC

A

1) Neutrophils
2) Eosinophils reduce inflammation
3) Basophils release histamine&involved w/increasing inflammation response
4) lymphocytes, produce antibodies
5) monocytes leave blood, enter tissue and become macrophages

25
Q

Platelets

A

(Thrombocytes) cell fragments pinched off from megakaryocytes in red bone marrow

26
Q

Platelet plug formation

A
  • platelet adhesion: platelets bind to collagen in damaged tissue
  • platelet release action: chem for more platelets
  • platelet aggregation: form plug by binding
27
Q

Steps of coagulation

A

1) extrinsic or intrinsic pathways produce activated factor C
* extrinsic: damaged tissue releases thromboplastin
* intrinsic: activate factor XII

2) factor X/ factor V/ phospholipids/ Ca2+ form prothrombinase
3) prothrombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin
4) thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin (fibrin forms clots)

28
Q

What inhibits thrombin?

A

Heparin and antithrombin

29
Q

What counteracts effects of thrombin

A

Prostacyclin

30
Q

Clot retraction

A

Platelets pulls edges of damaged tissue together

31
Q

3 characteristics of WBC

A

Ameboid movement: WBC more directed movement instead of only w flow of blood

Diapedesis: thin&elongated&slip through cell walls, can leave blood&enter tissue

Chemotaxis: attracted to dead cells&phagocytize, pus is dead WBC&bacteria

32
Q

Hemolysis

A

When RBCs rupture, takes 110-120 days

hemoglobin in plasma broken down by macrophages

A&P 2 (2 decks)

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