Chapter 19 Flashcards by makayla Zinnel

7 ways blood helps maintain homeostasis

1) transport gases, nutrients, and waste products

2) transport of processed molecules
ex. Vitamin D produced in skin, transported to liver by blood

3) transport of regulatory molecules (enzymes&hormones)
4) regulation of pH & osmosis
5) reg of temp
6) protect against foreign substances
7) clot formation

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Normal pH range in body

7.35-7.45

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Define blood

Connective tissue consisting of liquid matrix containing cells and fragments

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Facts about blood

Female adult has 4-5 L
Male adult has 5-6 L
Blood makes up 8% body weight

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% of plasma and formed elements in blood

55% plasma, 45% formed elements

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Plasma composition

Mostly water, 7% protein

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Where is formed elements originated from

Red bone marrow

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Formed elements

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

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Colloid

Liquid containing suspended substances that do not settle

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3 major proteins in plasma

Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

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Albumin

Regulates water movement between tissues and blood, maintains blood colloid osmotic pressure

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Globulins

Transport many substances, ex is antibodies

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Fibrinogen

Forms blood clots

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Serum

Plasma without clotting factor

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Formed elements derived from

Hemocytoblasts

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Hemocytoblasts give rise to 2 stem cells

Myeloid and lymphoid

Myeloid stem cells give rise to

RBC platelets and WBC

Lymphoid stem cells give rise to

Lymphocytes

Erythropoiesis

Production of red blood cells

kidneys produce erythropoietin to stimulate*
takes about 4 says*

Red blood cells contain

Hemoglobin and anhydrase

Hemoglobin molecule contains

4 heme and 4 globin molecules

heme transport O2
globin transport CO2

Iron required for O2 transport
Carbonic anhydrase involved w CO2 transport

Describe erythropoiesis production

1) stem cells in red bone marrow create erythroblasts
2) erythroblasts loose nuclei and are released into blood as reticulocytes
3) loss of ER produces RBC

Function WBC

Protect against microorganisms and remove dead cells/debris

5 types of WBC

1) Neutrophils
2) Eosinophils reduce inflammation
3) Basophils release histamine&involved w/increasing inflammation response
4) lymphocytes, produce antibodies
5) monocytes leave blood, enter tissue and become macrophages

Platelets

(Thrombocytes) cell fragments pinched off from megakaryocytes in red bone marrow

Platelet plug formation

* platelet adhesion: platelets bind to collagen in damaged tissue * platelet release action: chem for more platelets * platelet aggregation: form plug by binding

Steps of coagulation

1) extrinsic or intrinsic pathways produce activated factor C * extrinsic: damaged tissue releases thromboplastin * intrinsic: activate factor XII 2) factor X/ factor V/ phospholipids/ Ca2+ form prothrombinase 3) prothrombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin 4) thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin (fibrin forms clots)

What inhibits thrombin?

Heparin and antithrombin

What counteracts effects of thrombin

Prostacyclin

Clot retraction

Platelets pulls edges of damaged tissue together

3 characteristics of WBC

Ameboid movement: WBC more directed movement instead of only w flow of blood Diapedesis: thin&elongated&slip through cell walls, can leave blood&enter tissue Chemotaxis: attracted to dead cells&phagocytize, pus is dead WBC&bacteria

Hemolysis

When RBCs rupture, takes 110-120 days *hemoglobin in plasma broken down by macrophages*