Chapter 19

Question 1

Isotopes

Answer 1

atoms with the same proton number but different neutron numbers

Question 2

Nucleons

Answer 2

protons and neutrons

Question 3

Nuclide

Answer 3

nucleus

Question 4

Nuclear transmutation

Answer 4

radioactive elements that emit alpha (α) and beta (β) radiation transform from one element to another (basically, nucleus of a radioactive element is destroying itself to reach stability)

Question 5

Nuclei that undergo negative beta radiation decrease their neutron number by __ and increase their proton number by __ but retain their ___

Answer 5

1, 1, atomic number

Question 6

hadron

Answer 6

a composite subatomic particle made up of quarks

Question 7

baryon

Answer 7

a composite subatomic particle made up of three quarks held together with force carrying particles called gluons (proton and neutron are baryons)

Question 8

Quark

Answer 8

a fundamental constituent of matter. There are six types of quarks, but the most stable are up (u) and down (d) quarks

Question 9

Lepton

Answer 9

an elementary subatomic particle that is not a composite. The electron, beta particle, and neutrino (including anti-neutrino) are all leptons

Question 10

Positrons

Answer 10

positively charged electrons (same mass and charge magnitude as electrons, but opposite charge)

Question 11

Antimatter

Answer 11

nuclear particles with the same mass and charge magnitude as their matter counterparts, but with opposite charge

Question 12

The second form of beta radiation

Answer 12

positron emission

Question 13

positron emission

Answer 13

the ejection of a positron from the nucleus, thereby transforming a proton into a neutron

Question 14

Net effect of positron emission

Answer 14

to decrease the proton number by one, increase the neutron number by one, and not change the atomic mass number

Question 15

Third form of beta radiation

Answer 15

electron capture

Question 16

Electron capture

Answer 16

occurs when one of the atomic electrons is absorbed into the nucleus

Question 17

Electron capture occurs in _______

Answer 17

radioactive nuclei whose decay is not energetic enough to produce the two gamma rays associated with positron decay

Question 18

Gamma Rays

Answer 18

light photons with energies much greater than the light emitted from a light bulb or your TV set. Gamma rays are more energetic than the X-rays we experience when visiting the dentist or doctor. Gamma rays also have a very short wavelength and high frequency (1020–1024 s–1)