chapter 19-22 study guide Flashcards
what are the three estates?
1st estate: Clergy 2nd estate: Nobility 3rd estate: Commoners
what are estates?
representative assembly of the three estates, or, orders of the realm
what is bourgeoisie?
middle class
what is the rise of the 3rd estate?
creation of new National Assembly that better represented those not part of clergy or nobility
what is national assembly?
elected legislature
what was the attack on bastille?
signaled the start of the French Revolution
what is the Rights of Man Enlightenment/Am. Revolution influence?
freedom of religion, freedom of the press, no taxation without representation, elimination of excessive punishments, and various safeguards against against arbitrary administration
what happened during the Jacobin takeover/dictatorship?
targeted speculators, monarchists, right-wing Girondin, Herbertists, and traitors, and led to many beheadings
Who was Robespierre?
Maximilien Robespierre
led the French Revolution
Napoleon Bonaparte and his empire?
French emperor and military genius
Who was Goethe?
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Who was Beethoven?
Ludwig van Beethoven
Who was Wagner?
Richard Wagner
What is mass production?
production of large quantities
What is a steam engine?
machine used through the power of heat
What were technological advance made during the Industrial Revolution?
steam engine, electric generators, light bulb, telegraph and telephone, and automobile
What is corporation?
easy access to capital and business development provided by the corporate structure
What was Laissez-faire?
the less the government was involved in the economy, the better off businesses would be
What were trade unions?
protect workers from unnecessary risks using dangerous machines, unhealthy working conditions, and excessive hours of working
What were the reforms passed to protect the workers?
mandatory public education, child labor laws, and eight-hour work days
What were some pros from growth of cities?
more jobs for workers, better transportation, higher living standards
What were some cons from growth of cities?
damage to the environment, health and safety hazards
Why did they create “lower-middle class”?
for the people who weren’t rich but also weren’t poor
What is mass consumption?
purchase of standardized products of services by large numbers of customers
What is romanticism?
revolt against the aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and also a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature
Who was Immanuel Kant?
published “the Critique of Pure Reason”
Who was G. Hegel?
Gerog Wilhelm Fredrich Hegel
What is conservatism?
type of political belief that supports emphasis on traditions and relies on the individual to maintain society
What is liberalism?
common interest that all individuals be able to secure their own economic self-interest
Who was Malthus?
Thomas Robert Malthus
Who was Thomas Paine?
writer and political pamphleteer
What is nationalism?
loyalty and devotion to a nation
What was the Congress of Vienna?
reorganized Europe after the Napoleonic Wars
Concert of Europe?
alliance system that attempted to maintain the status quo by suppressing nationalism and liberalism
Russian Revolution?
period of political and social changes in the Russian Empire
Bourbon Revolution in France?
the period of French history during which the House of Bourbon returned to power after the first fall of Napoleon
Reform Bill of 1832 in Britain?
granted seats in House of Commons to large cities that had sprung up during the Industrial Revolution, and removed seats from the “rotten boroughs”
What are chartist ideas?
gain political rights and influence for the working class
1848 French Revolution and June Days?
in response to close National Workshops, created by the Second Republic in order to provide work and a minimal source of income for the unemployed
What were other 1848 Revolutions?
series of republican revolts against European monarchies, beginning in Sicily and spreading to France, Germany, Italy, and the Austrian Empire
