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The Heart > chapter 19 > Flashcards

chapter 19 Flashcards

1
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

rt atrium, rt ventricle, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins

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2
Q

systemic circuit

A

left atrium, left ventricle,systemic arteries, systemic vein, all the way the VC

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3
Q

layers of pericardium

A

fibrous pericardium, serous pericardium which contains parietal pericardium(outer layer) and visceral pericardium(epicardium)

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4
Q

layers of the heart wall

A

endocardium, myocardium, epicardium

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5
Q

fibrous skeleton

A

support structure for heart valves, insertion pt of cardiac muscle bundles, electrical insulator between atria and ventricles

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6
Q

stenosis

A

narrowing of a heart valve which restricts blood flow

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7
Q

regurgitation(insufficiency)

A

failure of a valve to close tightly and allows backflow of blood

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8
Q

prolapse

A

valve doesn’t close properly and bulges back into atrium. may allow blood flow into the atrium

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9
Q

anterior IV artery

A

widowmaker, suplies both ventricles

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10
Q

circumflex branch

A

supplies left atrium and ventricle

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11
Q

left marginal branch

A

supplies left ventricle

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12
Q

right marginal branch

A

supplies right ventricle

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13
Q

poster IV artery

A

supplies both ventricles

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14
Q

ischemia

A

reduced blood flow through coronary arteries

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15
Q

angina pectoris

A

reversible ischemia, chest pains

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16
Q

myocardial infarction

A

complete obstruction of flow in a coronary artery, heart attack

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17
Q

anatomoses

A

two arteries come together and combine blood flow, allow for collateral ciruculation

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18
Q

cardiocytes

A

heart muscle cells

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19
Q

cardiac conduction system

A

internal pacemaker and electrical conduction pathway through the myocardium

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20
Q

cardiac muscle relies on what for ATP production?

A

aerobic cellular respiration

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21
Q

creatine phosphate

A

cardiac muscle also produces some ATP from

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22
Q

creatine kinase

A

CK in the blood indicates injury of cardiac muscle, usually caused by a MI

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23
Q

authorhythmic

A

self-excitable

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24
Q

myogenic

A

heart beat is myogenic, signal originates within heart itself

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25
Q

atrioventricular bundle(bundle of His)

A

impulse passes from atria to ventricles

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26
Q

bundle branches

A

AV bundle splits into two pathways in the interventricular septum, carry the impulse toward the apex of the heart

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27
Q

purkinje fibers

A

carry the impulse to the heart apex and ventricular walls

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28
Q

sinus rhythm

A

normal heart beat triggered by the SA node(70-80 bpm) + parasympathetic stimulation

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29
Q

premature ventricular contraction

A

extra heart beat caused by part of system firing before the SA node. common effect of caffeine or electrolyte imbalances

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30
Q

ectopic focus

A

any region spontaneously firing other than the SA node

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31
Q

nodal rhythm

A

result of most common ectopic focus. AV node triggers heartbeat(40-50 bpm) in the event of SA node damage

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32
Q

arrhythmia

A

abnormal heart beat resulting from a defect in the conduction system of the heart. often caused by heart block

33
Q

heart block

A

part of the conduction system fails to transmit signals

34
Q

total heart block

A

damage at AV node

35
Q

refractory period

A

the time interval when a second contraction cannot be triggered

36
Q

P wave

A

depolarization of SA node

37
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization

38
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

39
Q

PQ/PR interval

A

time of atrial deploarization

40
Q

ST segment

A

time from end of contraction to the beginning of repolarization of ventricles

41
Q

PQ/PR longer than 200ms

A

damage at AV node or conducting cells

42
Q

large QRS

A

enlarged heart

43
Q

long QT segment

A

coronary ischemia or myocardial damage

44
Q

ST segment-increased amplitude

A

acute MI

45
Q

ST segment-increased amplitude and duration

A

ischemia

46
Q

cardiac cycle

A

all events of systole and diastole during one flow cycle

47
Q

first sound

A

AV valves close, signifies beginning of systole

48
Q

second sound

A

SL valves close, signifies the beginning of ventricular diastole

49
Q

EDV

A

the amount of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole, determined by length of diastole and venous pressure

50
Q

dicrotic notch

A

brief rise in aortic pressure caused by backflow of blood rebounding off semilunar valves

51
Q

cardiac output

A

HR x SV, the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute

52
Q

cardiac reserve

A

the difference between resting and maximal CO

53
Q

SV

A

EDV - ESV

54
Q

ESV

A

blood left over in ventricle at end of contraction, determined by force of ventricle contraction and arterial blood pressure

55
Q

preload

A

amount ventricles are stretched by contained blood

56
Q

contractility

A

cardiac cell contractile force due to factors other than EDV

57
Q

afterload

A

back pressure exerted by blood in the large arteries leaving the heart

58
Q

frank-starling law of the heart

A

more stretch=more contraction force

59
Q

increased SV caused

A

slow heartbeat(more time to fill) and exercise(increase venous return to the heart)

60
Q

decreased SV caused

A

blood loss(decrease venous return to the heart) and rapid heartbeat(less time to fill)

61
Q

factors that decrease contractility

A

acidosis, increased extracellular K, calcium channel blockers

62
Q

positive chronotropic factors

A

increase HR, caffeine

63
Q

negative chronotropic factors

A

decrease HR, sedatives

64
Q

vagal tone

A

parasympathetic inhibition of inherent SA node rate; allows normal HR

65
Q

epinephrine

A

hormone, increases HR

66
Q

thyroxine

A

hormone, increase HR in large quantities

67
Q

hyperkalemia

A

increased K, lowers HR, blocks AP generation

68
Q

hypokalemia

A

decreased K, leads to abnormal heart rate rhythms, lowers HR

69
Q

hypocalcemia

A

decreased Ca, depresses heart function, lowers HR

70
Q

hypercalcemia

A

increased Ca, increased contraction phase

71
Q

hypernatremia

A

high Na concentration, can block Na transport and muscle contraction

72
Q

bradycardia

A

slow heart beat

73
Q

tachycardia

A

fast heart beat

74
Q

fibrillation

A

uncontrolled contractions

75
Q

atrial flutter

A

occurs when the ectopi foci(any region of spontaneous firing other than SA node) in the atria set off extra constrictions and the atria beat 200 to 400 times per minute

76
Q

ventricular fibrillation

A

a serious arrhythmia caused by electrical signal arriving at different regions of the myocardium at widely different times (uncontrolled contractions)

77
Q

proprioceptors

A

monitor movement

78
Q

baroreceptors

A

monitor blood pressure

79
Q

chemoreceptors

A

monitor blood chemistry

The Heart (1 decks)

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