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The Heart > chapter 19 > Flashcards

chapter 19 Flashcards

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1
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

rt atrium, rt ventricle, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins

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2
Q

systemic circuit

A

left atrium, left ventricle,systemic arteries, systemic vein, all the way the VC

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3
Q

layers of pericardium

A

fibrous pericardium, serous pericardium which contains parietal pericardium(outer layer) and visceral pericardium(epicardium)

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4
Q

layers of the heart wall

A

endocardium, myocardium, epicardium

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5
Q

fibrous skeleton

A

support structure for heart valves, insertion pt of cardiac muscle bundles, electrical insulator between atria and ventricles

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6
Q

stenosis

A

narrowing of a heart valve which restricts blood flow

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7
Q

regurgitation(insufficiency)

A

failure of a valve to close tightly and allows backflow of blood

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8
Q

prolapse

A

valve doesn’t close properly and bulges back into atrium. may allow blood flow into the atrium

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9
Q

anterior IV artery

A

widowmaker, suplies both ventricles

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10
Q

circumflex branch

A

supplies left atrium and ventricle

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11
Q

left marginal branch

A

supplies left ventricle

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12
Q

right marginal branch

A

supplies right ventricle

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13
Q

poster IV artery

A

supplies both ventricles

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14
Q

ischemia

A

reduced blood flow through coronary arteries

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15
Q

angina pectoris

A

reversible ischemia, chest pains

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16
Q

myocardial infarction

A

complete obstruction of flow in a coronary artery, heart attack

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17
Q

anatomoses

A

two arteries come together and combine blood flow, allow for collateral ciruculation

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18
Q

cardiocytes

A

heart muscle cells

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19
Q

cardiac conduction system

A

internal pacemaker and electrical conduction pathway through the myocardium

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20
Q

cardiac muscle relies on what for ATP production?

A

aerobic cellular respiration

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21
Q

creatine phosphate

A

cardiac muscle also produces some ATP from

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22
Q

creatine kinase

A

CK in the blood indicates injury of cardiac muscle, usually caused by a MI

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23
Q

authorhythmic

A

self-excitable

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24
Q

myogenic

A

heart beat is myogenic, signal originates within heart itself

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25
atrioventricular bundle(bundle of His)
impulse passes from atria to ventricles
26
bundle branches
AV bundle splits into two pathways in the interventricular septum, carry the impulse toward the apex of the heart
27
purkinje fibers
carry the impulse to the heart apex and ventricular walls
28
sinus rhythm
normal heart beat triggered by the SA node(70-80 bpm) + parasympathetic stimulation
29
premature ventricular contraction
extra heart beat caused by part of system firing before the SA node. common effect of caffeine or electrolyte imbalances
30
ectopic focus
any region spontaneously firing other than the SA node
31
nodal rhythm
result of most common ectopic focus. AV node triggers heartbeat(40-50 bpm) in the event of SA node damage
32
arrhythmia
abnormal heart beat resulting from a defect in the conduction system of the heart. often caused by heart block
33
heart block
part of the conduction system fails to transmit signals
34
total heart block
damage at AV node
35
refractory period
the time interval when a second contraction cannot be triggered
36
P wave
depolarization of SA node
37
QRS complex
ventricular depolarization
38
T wave
ventricular repolarization
39
PQ/PR interval
time of atrial deploarization
40
ST segment
time from end of contraction to the beginning of repolarization of ventricles
41
PQ/PR longer than 200ms
damage at AV node or conducting cells
42
large QRS
enlarged heart
43
long QT segment
coronary ischemia or myocardial damage
44
ST segment-increased amplitude
acute MI
45
ST segment-increased amplitude and duration
ischemia
46
cardiac cycle
all events of systole and diastole during one flow cycle
47
first sound
AV valves close, signifies beginning of systole
48
second sound
SL valves close, signifies the beginning of ventricular diastole
49
EDV
the amount of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole, determined by length of diastole and venous pressure
50
dicrotic notch
brief rise in aortic pressure caused by backflow of blood rebounding off semilunar valves
51
cardiac output
HR x SV, the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute
52
cardiac reserve
the difference between resting and maximal CO
53
SV
EDV - ESV
54
ESV
blood left over in ventricle at end of contraction, determined by force of ventricle contraction and arterial blood pressure
55
preload
amount ventricles are stretched by contained blood
56
contractility
cardiac cell contractile force due to factors other than EDV
57
afterload
back pressure exerted by blood in the large arteries leaving the heart
58
frank-starling law of the heart
more stretch=more contraction force
59
increased SV caused
slow heartbeat(more time to fill) and exercise(increase venous return to the heart)
60
decreased SV caused
blood loss(decrease venous return to the heart) and rapid heartbeat(less time to fill)
61
factors that decrease contractility
acidosis, increased extracellular K, calcium channel blockers
62
positive chronotropic factors
increase HR, caffeine
63
negative chronotropic factors
decrease HR, sedatives
64
vagal tone
parasympathetic inhibition of inherent SA node rate; allows normal HR
65
epinephrine
hormone, increases HR
66
thyroxine
hormone, increase HR in large quantities
67
hyperkalemia
increased K, lowers HR, blocks AP generation
68
hypokalemia
decreased K, leads to abnormal heart rate rhythms, lowers HR
69
hypocalcemia
decreased Ca, depresses heart function, lowers HR
70
hypercalcemia
increased Ca, increased contraction phase
71
hypernatremia
high Na concentration, can block Na transport and muscle contraction
72
bradycardia
slow heart beat
73
tachycardia
fast heart beat
74
fibrillation
uncontrolled contractions
75
atrial flutter
occurs when the ectopi foci(any region of spontaneous firing other than SA node) in the atria set off extra constrictions and the atria beat 200 to 400 times per minute
76
ventricular fibrillation
a serious arrhythmia caused by electrical signal arriving at different regions of the myocardium at widely different times (uncontrolled contractions)
77
proprioceptors
monitor movement
78
baroreceptors
monitor blood pressure
79
chemoreceptors
monitor blood chemistry

The Heart (1 decks)

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