Chapter 19

Question 1

what is a homogeneous equilibrium?

Answer 1

It contains equilibrium species that all have the same state or phase

Question 2

What is a heterogeneous equilibrium?

Answer 2

Contains equilibrium species that have different states or phases

Question 3

what is Kp?

Answer 3

the equilibrium constant in terms of partial pressure

Question 4

what is the mole fraction of a gas?

Answer 4

the same as its proportion by volume to the total volume of gases in a gas mixture

Question 5

what is the equation for mole fraction?

Answer 5

number of moles of x / total number of moles

Question 6

what is partial pressure of a gas?

Answer 6

the contribution that the gas makes towards the total pressure

Question 7

what is the equation for partial pressure?

Answer 7

mole fraction x total pressure

Question 8

what is the only condition that affects K?

Answer 8

temperature

Question 9

how does the equilibrium constant change with increasing temperature, for an exothermic reaction?

Answer 9

it decreases

Question 10

how does the equilibrium constant change with increasing temperature, for an endothermic reaction?

Answer 10

it increases

Question 11

what is an amino acid?

Answer 11

An organic compound containing both amine and carboxylic acid functional groups

Question 12

amino acids are basic and they react with acids to make what?

Answer 12

Salts

Question 13

if an amino acid reacts with hydrochloric acid to form an ammonium salt where would the H from the hydrochloric acid add onto?

Answer 13

The nitrogen atom

Question 14

What reactions can the carboxylic acid group carry out?

Answer 14

they can react with alkalis to form salts and with alcohols form esters

Question 15

amino acid can react with an aqueous alkali to form what?

Answer 15

A salt and water

Question 16

What part of the amino acid is displaced with sodium if it is reacted with sodium hydroxide?

Answer 16

The OH group of the carboxylic acid

Question 17

amino acids can be easily esterified by doing what?

Answer 17

heating with an alcohol in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid

Question 18

Amides are the products of what reactions?

Answer 18

acyl chlorides with ammonia and amines

Question 19

primary amides have how many carbons bonded to the nitrogen

Answer 19

1

Question 20

secondary amides have how many carbons bonded to the nitrogen

Answer 20

2

Question 21

what kind of molecules have optical isomerism?

Answer 21

Molecules that contain a choral centre

Question 22

what is a chiral centre?

Answer 22

When a carbon atom is attached to 4 different atoms or groups of atoms

Question 23

what is condensation polymerisation?

Answer 23

The joining of monomers with the loss of a small molecule usually water or hydrogen chloride

Question 24

what is needed for condensation polymerisation?

Answer 24

Two different functional groups

Question 25

Monomers within polyester are joined together by what?

Answer 25

Ester linkages

Question 26

polyester can be made from what monomers

Answer 26

One monomer containing both a carboxylic acid and an alcohol group, or from two monomers, one containing two carboxylic acid groups and the other containing two alcohol groups

Question 27

monomers within polyamides are joined together by what?

Answer 27

amide linkages

Question 28

what monomers can polyamides be made from?

Answer 28

From one monomer containing both a carboxylic acid/acyl chloride and an amine group or two monomers one containing two carboxylic acid groups/acyl chlorides and the other containing two amines

Question 29

polyester and polyamides can be hydrolysed using what?

Answer 29

Hot aqueous alkaline or hot aqueous acid

Question 30

How can addition polymerisation be recognised?

Answer 30

The monomer contains a carbon carbon double bond and the backbone of the polymer is a continuous chain of carbon atoms

Question 31

how can condensation polymerisation be recognised?

Answer 31

Two monomers each with two functional groups, one monomer with two different functional groups and ester or amide linkages