Chapter 19 Flashcards
what is a homogeneous equilibrium?
It contains equilibrium species that all have the same state or phase
What is a heterogeneous equilibrium?
Contains equilibrium species that have different states or phases
what is Kp?
the equilibrium constant in terms of partial pressure
what is the mole fraction of a gas?
the same as its proportion by volume to the total volume of gases in a gas mixture
what is the equation for mole fraction?
number of moles of x / total number of moles
what is partial pressure of a gas?
the contribution that the gas makes towards the total pressure
what is the equation for partial pressure?
mole fraction x total pressure
what is the only condition that affects K?
temperature
how does the equilibrium constant change with increasing temperature, for an exothermic reaction?
it decreases
how does the equilibrium constant change with increasing temperature, for an endothermic reaction?
it increases
what is an amino acid?
An organic compound containing both amine and carboxylic acid functional groups
amino acids are basic and they react with acids to make what?
Salts
if an amino acid reacts with hydrochloric acid to form an ammonium salt where would the H from the hydrochloric acid add onto?
The nitrogen atom
What reactions can the carboxylic acid group carry out?
they can react with alkalis to form salts and with alcohols form esters
amino acid can react with an aqueous alkali to form what?
A salt and water
What part of the amino acid is displaced with sodium if it is reacted with sodium hydroxide?
The OH group of the carboxylic acid
amino acids can be easily esterified by doing what?
heating with an alcohol in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid
Amides are the products of what reactions?
acyl chlorides with ammonia and amines
primary amides have how many carbons bonded to the nitrogen
1
secondary amides have how many carbons bonded to the nitrogen
2
what kind of molecules have optical isomerism?
Molecules that contain a choral centre
what is a chiral centre?
When a carbon atom is attached to 4 different atoms or groups of atoms
what is condensation polymerisation?
The joining of monomers with the loss of a small molecule usually water or hydrogen chloride
what is needed for condensation polymerisation?
Two different functional groups
Monomers within polyester are joined together by what?
Ester linkages
polyester can be made from what monomers
One monomer containing both a carboxylic acid and an alcohol group, or from two monomers, one containing two carboxylic acid groups and the other containing two alcohol groups
monomers within polyamides are joined together by what?
amide linkages
what monomers can polyamides be made from?
From one monomer containing both a carboxylic acid/acyl chloride and an amine group or two monomers one containing two carboxylic acid groups/acyl chlorides and the other containing two amines
polyester and polyamides can be hydrolysed using what?
Hot aqueous alkaline or hot aqueous acid
How can addition polymerisation be recognised?
The monomer contains a carbon carbon double bond and the backbone of the polymer is a continuous chain of carbon atoms
how can condensation polymerisation be recognised?
Two monomers each with two functional groups, one monomer with two different functional groups and ester or amide linkages
