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Biology Unit 3 > Chapter 19 > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

gene expression is regulated in ______ levels (eukaryotic version)

A

several

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2
Q

what are the three controls for DNA in eukaryotic organisms

A

transcriptional control, transcriptional control, and post translational control

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3
Q

what are the steps in transcriptional control?
DNA to pre-mRNA

A

epigenetic regulation
transcriptional initiation

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4
Q

what are the steps from pre-mRNA to protein?

A

mRNA stability
RNA interference
translational regulation

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5
Q

what are the steps in post-translational control?

A

Post-translational modifications

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6
Q

what is the full process of gene expression in Eukaryotic organisms?

A

nucleus
1. chromatin remodeling
2. transcription
3. RNA processing
cytoplasm
4. mRNA stability
5. translation
6. post-translational modification

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7
Q

what does epigenetic mean?

A

on top of genome

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8
Q

what are the three types of epigenetic regulation?

A

DNA methylation, histone modification, and noncoding RNA action

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9
Q

what is a chromatin?

A

DNA and its associated proteins

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10
Q

what is a nucleosome?

A

group of histones

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11
Q

what is a histone?

A

(+) group of proteins that bind to DNA

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12
Q

why does condensed chromatin not get transcribed?

A

there is no space for the proteins needed for transcription

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13
Q

why does decondensed chromatins get transcribed?

A

there is space for the proteins needed for transcription

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14
Q

what was condensed and decondensed chromatins treated with to see if they were degraded?

A

DNase 1

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15
Q

how does covalent modifications of histones impact chromatin structure?

A

HAT adds lysines to the histone. this neutralizes the positive charges and weakens the affinity for DNA
HDAC takes the lysine off

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16
Q

how does DNA methylation inhibit transcription?

A

H3C (methane) is added where there is a CG island
methylated cytosine is not transcribed because the proteins can not bind

17
Q

how does the chromatin remodeling complexes make specific DNA regions more accessible?

A

it repositions nucleosomes after other larger modifications have already been made

18
Q

are epigenetic modifications inherited?

A

they can be

18
Q

how are epigenetic modifications inherited?

A

made and then maintained through meiosis

18
Q
A

Biology Unit 3 (4 decks)

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