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A&P II - Test 2 > Chapter 19 > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three unpaired cartilage in the Larynx?

A

Thyroid Cartilage

Epiglottic Cartilage

Cricoid Cartilage

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1
Q

Define vital capacity and its equation

A

Vital Capacity: the maximum amount of
air that can be exhaled after a maximum
inhalation.

Vital Capacital = Tidal Volume + Insperatory Reserve Volume + External Reserve Volume
4600 ml

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1
Q

What happens during expiration?

A

The diaphragm relaxes and pushes upward.
External intercostals relax and thoracic cavity is depressed.
Lung volume decreases.

Decreased lung volume, increases pressure in the lungs.
The pressure is now higher in the alveoli than the atmospheric pressure.
Therefore, air rushes out of the alveoli into the external environment.

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1
Q

What are the two types of vocal cords?

A

False vocal cords that do not involve sound production

True vocal cords are reponsible for sound.

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1
Q

During the transport of gases, what happens to Oxygen?

A

Oxygen Binds with hemoglobin to in red blood cells to form oxyhemoglobin.

This forms a weak bond so oxygen can be delivered to tissues.

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2
Q

Define pulmonary ventilation and its components.

A

Involes two actions inspiraton and expiration and moving air in and out of the lungs.

bronchial arteries off the thoracic aorta

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3
Q

What does Carbon Monoixed do in the body?

A

Carbon Monoxide (CO) – binds to hemoglobin more efficiently than oxygen.

If hemoglobin is bound to CO, much less is available to bind and transport oxygen to the tissues, resulting in Hypoxia.

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4
Q

Define Boyles Law

A
  • The volume of a gas is inversely

proportional to its pressure.

  • Thus, when volume increases, pressure

decreases and vice versa.

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4
Q

Define residual volume and its value?

A

Residual Volume: the amount of air that
always remains in the lungs.

1200 ml

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5
Q

What is respiration?

A

The entire process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and the cells.

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6
Q

What are the three parts of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx – most superior portion
Oropharynx – middle portion
Laryngopharynx – most inferior portion

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6
Q

Describe Epiglottic cartilage.

A

Composed of Elastic cartilage.

Supports the epiglostis

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6
Q

Define Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) and value

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) is the
amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled
after the tidal volume.

3000ml

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7
Q

`1Define atmospheric pressure and its value

A

The force necessary to move air into the lungs.

760mmHg

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7
Q

What factors is the release of oxygen from hemoglobin dependent on?

A
  • High blood [CO2]
  • Low blood pH
  • High blood temperature
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8
Q

Carbon dioxide is transported in what 3 forms?

A
  • Dissolved CO2 – 7%
  • Carbaminohemoglobin – 23%
  • Bicarbonate ions -70%
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9
Q

List the factors that influence expiration.

A

Expiration depends on elastic recoil
which is determined by 2 forces:

  • Elastic recoil of tissues
  • Surface tension
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10
Q

Define Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) and its value

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after tidal volume.

1100 ml

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10
Q

What do the nasil cavities lined with?

A

The UROs are lined with mucous membranes:

Epithelial tissue with many goblet cells (mucus);

Specifically, pseudostratified columnar ET in the trachea.

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13
Q

What is the role of pleural membranes in inspiration.?

A

Plaural membranes aid in inspiration.

Serous fluid located between the
membranes have a very large surface
tension, causing the membranes to act
as one.

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15
Q

What is the chemical formula for external respiraton?

A

H+ + HCO3 to H2CO3to CO2 + H2O

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16
Q

What is the chemical formula for internal respiration?

A

CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 which eventually turns into:

H+ + HCO3- (bicarbonate ion)

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17
Q

What does carbonic anhydrase do?

A

Carbonic anhydrase dissociates bicaronate ion and hydrogen ion from carbonic acird. Which is produced from carbon dioxide combining with water. The carbon dioxide is produced from cellular respiration.

18
Q

Define cellular respiration and its affect on respiration.

A

Process of oxygen utilization and carbon dioxide production.

19
Q

What is the funcation of aveloar capillary membranes?

A

This structure allows for rapid diffusion of gases from high concentration to low concentration…down the gradient.

20
Q

During the transport of gases, carbon monoxide (CO) binds to what?

A

binds to hemoglobin more efficiently than oxygen

 If hemoglobin is bound to CO, much less is available to bind and transport oxygen to the tissues, resulting in Hypoxia.

22
Q

What is the Glottis?

A

A small opening between the vocal cords.

22
Q

What is serous fluid and where is it found?

A

Serous fluid located between the pleural and visceral membranes have a very large surface tension, causing the membranes to act as one.

24
Q

Define Type I alveolar.

A

Predominant type.
Form a continuous simple squamous lining of the alveolar wall.

Main site of external respiration.

26
Q

What happens to gas concentrations when you hyperventilate and what do they cause?

A

 Low carbon dioxide concentration, causes reduced blood flow to the brain,causing lightheadedness

 Breathing into a paper bag normalizes gas concentrations

27
Q

Define hiccup

A

spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm.

29
Q

What are the factors that influence breathing?

A
  • Stretch of tissues
  • Low blood oxygen
  • High blood carbon dioxide
  • Low pH
  • Other: temperature, pain, emotional state.
30
Q

Describe Thyroid cartilage.

A

A thick area of cartilage located in the front of the neck that forms the Adam’s apple.

32
Q

What is a yawn?

A

deep inspiration through the mouth.

33
Q

What are the upper airway organs?

A

nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, and pharynx

35
Q

Define sneeze

A

forceful expulsion of air through the nose and mouth.

36
Q

How does blood enter the lungs?

A

Deoxyginated blood enters the lungs through the pulnonary arteries.

37
Q

What are factors that affect the realse of oxygen from hemoglobin?

A

High Blood [CO2)

Low blood pH

High Blood temperature

38
Q

What are the four events associated with respiration?

A
  1. Movement of air in and out of lungs, (Ventilation)
  2. Gas exchange between the blood and air. (External respiration)
  3. Gas transport in the blood
  4. Gas exchange between the blood and cells (Internal respiration)
39
Q

What happens to the muscles during inspiration?

A

Diaphragm muscle pushes downward.

Contraction of the external intercostal muscles expand the thoracic cavity.

The increased size of the thoracic cavity increases the volume

Pressure in the thoracic cavity decreases to 758 mmHg.
Air pressure inside the thoracic cavity is less than the atmospheric pressure (760mmHg).

Therefore, air rushes into the lungs to equalize the pressure gradient..

40
Q

What are four factors that increase the diffusion rate?

A

Increased surface area
Shorter distances to travel
Greater solubility of gases
Steeper partial pressure gradient.

42
Q

Define internal respiration?

A

 The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between tissue blood capillaries and tissue cells.

Oxygen moves from the capillary into the cell and carbon dioxide moves from the cell into the capillary.

43
Q

Define surfactant

A

Mixture of phospholipids and lipoprotein

Low surface tension and prevents aveloar collapse

44
Q

How many branchs are in the secondary bronchi?

A

3 branch from the right primary bronchus; 2 branch from the left primary bronchus.

45
Q

Describe Cricoid Cartilage

`

A

Provides attachment for the various muscles, cartilages, and ligaments involved in opening and closing the airway and in speech production.

Located in the thyroid cartilage

46
Q

What are different modified respiratory movements?

A

Cough, sneeze, laugh, hiccup, yawn

47
Q

What are the lower respitory organs?

A

larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs.

48
Q

What is a laugh?

A

a deep breath released in a series of short convulsive expirations.

49
Q

Define chloride shift

A
  • Bicarbonate ions move into the plasma and chloride ions move into the RBC.
  • In order to maintain ionic balance
50
Q

What does Daltons Law state?

A

each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if no other gases were present.

51
Q

Define type II alveolar cells

A

Fewer in number than Type I
Contain more rounded, cubodial shaped E.T.
Secrete a compound called surfactant.

52
Q

What is the role of the dorsal respiratory group ?

A

Compses the medulla and it controls forceful breathing

53
Q

What is the role of the ventral respiratory group in the brain?

A

It controls basic rhythm of breathing.

54
Q

How do Chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic arch affect the respiratory center?

A

They affect chemo-sensitive areas of the respiratory center and breathing rate increases.

55
Q

What is the carina and where is it?

A

The site where the trachea bifurcates into the primary bronchi.

The mucous membrane is responsible for the cough reflex.

56
Q

What is the equation for the total lung capacity

A

Total Lung Capacity= V.C. + R.V.

5800ml

A&P II - Test 2 (2 decks)

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