Chapter 18 vocabulary Flashcards
Formed elements
an erythrocyte, leukocyte or platelet. Any cellular component of blood or lymph as opposed to the extracellular fluid component.
Viscosity
resistance of liquid to flow (stickiness) blood has a 4.5-5.5 greater viscosity that water.
Osmolarity
number of blood particles that cannot pass through the blood vessels.
colloid osmotic pressure
contribution of protein to osmotic pressure. amount of protein in the blood that creates the correct amount of pressure to ensure liquid is distributed appropriately. Too low protein can cause edema.
hypoproteinemia
deficiency of plasma protein
edematous
condition of tissue or cavity holding too much water or fluid and appearing swollen.
ascites
accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity causing abdominal swelling.
kwashiorkor
Ghanaian word (displaced or deposed) for a child who is no longer breast feeding who has a protein deficiency. Their belly is swollen but limbs are very tiny. can lead to death by dehydration or diarrhea.
hematopoeisis
production of blood
hematopoietic tissue
an immature cell that can develop into all types of blood cells.
circulatory system
heart, arteries, blood vessels and blood. how blood moves through the body
cardiovascular system
anatomy and function of heart and arteries only.
Hematology
study of the physiology of the blood
plasma
yellow fluid of whole blood that consists of water and its dissolved components, including albumin, globulin and fibrinogen.
blood fractionation
process of separating whole blood into its component parts, usually by centrifugation.
hematocrit
(packed blood volume) ratio of volume of RBCs to total volume of blood.
blood serum
clear, yellowish fluid that remains after clotting factors are removed. (no fibrinogen.)
albumin
simple form of water-soluble protein that coagulates by heat, such as that found in egg white, milk, and blood serum.
globulin
salt-soluble protein group including alpha, beta and gamma of which alpha has the highest electrophoretic mobility.
fibrinogen
a soluble protein in blood plasma, from which fibrin is produced by way of enzyme.
nitrogenous wastes
nitrogen compounds through which excess nitrogen is disposed of by the body, including urea, uric acid, ammonia, and creatinine.
myeloid hematopoiesis
formation of blood components in bone marrow
lymphoid hematopoiesis
formation of blood components in lymphatic tissue
hematopoietic stem cell
HSC common stem cell that, after birth, is responsible for formation of all blood cell types.
Colony forming units
CFUs units destined to produce one or another class of formed elements.
erythrocytes (RBCs)
a red blood cell that is typically biconcave without a nucleus, that contains hemoglobin.
hemoglobin
red proein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates.
globins
protein involved in 02 transport in blood that bind to heme groups.
heme group
non-protein moiety that bind oxygen to a central iron atom
hemoglobin concentrate
amount of hemoglobin in blood
erythropoiesis
erythrocyte production
erythropoietin (EPO)
hormone released by the kidneys that stimulates erythrocyte colony-forming units (ECFUs) to transform into erythrocytes.
gastroferritin
protein produced by the stomach that binds Fe (2+) in blood then travels to the bone marrow, liver, and other tissues.
Ferritin
iron storage complex. Releases Fe (2+) into circulation when needed
hypoxemia
oxygen deficiency in blood
hemolysis
the rupture of RBCs
biliverdin
greenish bile pigment
bilirubin
yellowish bile pigment
bile pigments
biliverdin and bilirubin
Primary polycythemia (polycythemia vera)
RBC excess due to cancer of the erythropoietic line of the red bone marrow
Secondary polycythemia
RBC excess caused by smoking, air pollution, emphysema, high altitude, excessive aerobic exercise, or other factors that create a state of hypoxemia and stimulate erythropoietin secretion.
Anemia
deficiency of either RBCs or hemoglobin
hemorrhagic anemia
anemia due to excessing bleeding
hemolytic anemia
anemia due to RBC destruction
iron deficient anemia
anemia caused by a dietary deficiency of iron
intrinsic factor
substance produced in stomach glands that the small intestine uses to absorb vitamin B-12.
Pernicious anemia
autoimmune disease in elderly that destroys stomach tissue. Can be hereditary.
hypoplastic anemia
anemia caused by a decline in erythropoiesis.
aplastic anemia
anemia caused by the complete failure or destruction of the myeloid tissue. Complete cessation of erythropoiesis.
hypoxia
oxygen deprivation
sickle-cell anemia
hereditary hemoglobin defect that occurs mostly among people of African or Mediterranean decent. Caused by a recessive allele that modifies hemoglobin. Causes hemoglobin not to bind well to oxygen. it becomes deoxygenated, polymerizes and forms a gel that makes erythrocytes elongated and point at the end. (Sickle cell shape.)
Agglutinate
clumping hemoglobin
antigens
complex molecules such as proteins, glycoproteins, and glycolipids that are genetically unique to each individual except identical twins, that occur on the surfaces of all cells and enable the body to distinguish its own cells from foreign matter.
antibodies
proteins created by plasma cells, bind to antigens and mark them or cells bearing them for destruction.
agglutination
antibody molecule binds to two or more foreign cells and sticks them together.
agglutinogens
RBC surface antigens that trigger agglutination.
agglutinins
plasma antibodies that bind to agglutinogens
ABO blood type
determined by hereditary presence/absence of antigens A and B on RBCs.
Transfusion reaction
`RBCs block small blood vessels, hemolyze, and release hemoglobin which can block the kidney tubules and cause death from acute renal failure if left untreated.
Rh blood group
presence or absence of anti-D antibodies in the blood
Rh positive
presence of anti-D antibodies
Rh negative
absence of anti-D antibodies
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
(HDN, erythroblastosis fetalis) occurs when the pregnant mother is mismatched in blood type to the baby. Children born with this have severe anemia.
Leukocytes
(WBCs) a white blood cell. Helps in immune response.
nonspecific granules
granules that absorb the blue or violet dyes of blood stains. aka azurophilic granules.
granulocytes
white blood cells with granules that have a specific staining pattern with specific granules.
agranulocytes
white blood cells without specific granules.
specific granules
stain conspicuously and distinguish each cell type from the others.
neutrophils
a granulocyte with a multilobed nucleus, that serves especially to destroy bacteria by means of phagocytosis, intracellular digestion, and secretion of bactericidal chemicals.
Eosinophils
a granulocyte with a large, often bilobed nucleus and coarse cytoplasmic granules that stain with eosin; phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, allergens, and inflammatory chemicals and secretes enzymes that combat parasitic infections.
Basophils
a granulocyte with coarse cytoplasmic granules that produces heparin, histamine, and other chemical involved in inflammation.
histamine
an amino acid derivative secreted by basophils, mast cells, and some neurons; functions as a paracrine secretion and neurotransmitter to stimulate effects such as gastric secretion, bronchoconstriction, and vasodilation.
heparin
a polysaccharide secreted by basophils and mast cells that inhibits blood clotting.
lymphocytes
an agranulocyte that is relatively small with numerous types and roles in innate, humoral, and cellular immunity.
monocytes
an agranulocyte specialized to migrate into the tissues and transform into a macrophage.
macrophages
any cell of the body, other than a leukocyte, that is specialized for phagocytosis; usually derived from a blood monocyte and often functioning as an antigen-presenting cell.
leukopoiesis
the process by which white blood cells are produced in the body.
leukopenia
under 5,000 WBCs in circulation. caused by lead, arsenic, or mercury poisoning, radiation sickness, infectious diseases like measles, mumps, chicken pox, polio, influenza, typhoid fever, and AIDS .
leukocytosis
over 10,000 WBCs in circulation. variety of causes including infections, allergens, other disease as well as induced by dehydration and emotional disturbance.
leukemia
cancer involving the body’s blood creating tissues, including red bone marrow and lymphatic system. most common form in children is acute lymphoblastic leukemia, in which there has been the greatest success in treatment and cure.
myeloid leukemia
leukemia in which uncontrolled granulocyte production occurs.
lymphoid leukemia
leukemia in which uncontrolled agranulocyte production occurs.
acute leukemia
sudden onset, fast progression. untreated, the patient may die within months.
chronic leukemia
slow onset, may go unnoticed for months. Without treatment the person will typically survive for three years.
opportunistic infection
an infection by a bacteria or other that would usually not be allowed to grow and cause damage to a person with a healthy immune system.
hemostasis
the process in the body that arrests or stops bleeding
platelets
a formed element derived from a megakaryocyte, known especially for its role in stopping bleeding, but with additional roles in dissolving blood clots, stimulating inflammation, promoting tissue growth, and blood vessel maintenance, and destroying bacteria.
granules
small particles that are visible under a light microscope contained in grnulocytes
open canalicular system
an internal membrane structure found in platelets. First identified 50 years ago, the OCS comprises a tunneling network of surface-connected channels that appear to play in important role in platelet function.
thrombopoiesis
the process of the body that creates blood clots.
megakaryocyte
a large cell that has a lobulated nucleus, is found especially in the bone marrow, and is the source of blood platelets.
thrombocytopenia
a condition in which you have a low blood platelet count. Platelets (thrombocytes) are colorless blood cells that help blood clot. platelets stop bleeding by clumping and forming plugs in blood vessel injuries.
vascular spasm
a sudden and brief tightening or constricting of a blood vessel. it may also be called variant angina or Prizmetal’s angina. the tightening reduces the amount of blood that can move through the vessel, sometimes even closing it completely and blocking blood from moving through. This affects the tissues that are downstream from the blood vessel and prevents oxygenated blood from feeding these tissues.
prostacyclin
a prostaglandin member of the eicosanoid family of lipid molecules. it inhibits platelet activation and is also an effective vasodilator.
platelet plug
an aggregation of platelets formed during the earlier stage of hemostasis in response to blood vessel wall injury. After platelets are recruited and begin to accumulate are the breakage, their sticky nature allows them to adhere to each other. this forms a platelet plug, which prevents more blood from leaving the body as well as any outside contaminants from getting in. the plug provides a temporary blockage of the break in the vasculature. as such, platelet plug formation occurs after vasoconstriction of the blood vessels but before the creation of the fibrin mesh clot, which is the more permanent solution to the injury. The result of the platelet plug formation is the coagulation of blood. It can also be referred to as primary hemostasis.
degraulation
exocytosis and disappearance of cytoplasmic granules, especially in platelets and granulocytes
Thromboxane (A2)
a substance made by platelets that causes blood clotting and the constriction of blood vessels. Also encourages platelet aggregation. this form is active and unstable and has a half-life of 20 seconds before it converts to (B2) form which is inactive.
Coagulation
the clotting of blood, lymph, tissue fluid, or semen.
Fibrin
a sticky fibrous protein formed from fibrinogen in the blood, tissue fluid, and lymph; forms that matrix of a blood clot.
extrinsic mechanism
external mechanism that initiates the process of forming blood clots.
intrinsic mechanism
internal process of the blood that initiates the process of forming blood clots.
procoagulants
contributes to the clotting of blood
anticoagulants
keeps blood from clotting unnecessarily.
reaction cascade
an effect where one factor leads to the activation of multiple factors in a chain sequence that produces the desired effects.
tissue thromboplastin (Factor III)
coagulation factor derived from several sources in the body, such as brain and lung; important in the formation of extrinsic prothrombin converting principle in the extrinsic pathway of coagulation.
prothrombin (Factor II)
vitamin k dependent coagulation factor.
thrombin
an enzyme in blood plasma that contributes to blood clotting by converting fibrinogen into fibrin.
clot retraction
the drawing away of a blood clot from the blood vessel wall. activated by platelets, used to test bleeding time.
bleeding time
test of hemostasis. shows how well platelets interact with vessel walls to form blood clots.
platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
one among numerous growth factors that regulate cell growth and division. IN particular, PDGF plays a significant role in blood vessel formation, the growth of blood vessels from already-existing blood vessel tissue, mitogenesis, or proliferation, of mesenchymal cells such as fibroblasts, osteoblasts, tenocytes, vascular smooth muscle cells and mesenchymal stem cells as well as chemotaxis, the directed migration, of mesenchymal cells. Platelet d-derived growth factor is a dimeric glycoprotein that can be composed of two A subunit two B subunits, or one of each.
Fibrinolysis
typical enzymatic breakdown of fibrin
Kallikrein
a hypotensive protease that liberates kinins from blood plasma proteins and is used therapeutically for vasodilation.
Plasmin
is an important enzyme present in blood that degrades many blood plasma proteins, including fibrin clots. the degradation of fibrin is termed fibrinolysis. in humans, the plasmin protein is encoded by the PLG gene.
platelet reulsion
the smooth prostacyclin coating on the endothelium prevents platelets from sticking to walls.
dilution
a hemostatic process by which platelets are not allowed to accumulate to the point of clotting in healthy blood vessels.
Antithrombin
keeps thrombin from activating fibrinogen
heparin
a polysaccharide secreted by basophiles and mast cells that inhibits blood clotting.
hemophilia
an X-linked hereditary set of diseases in which the blood clotting process is abnormal.
hematomas
a mass of clotted blood in the tissues. forms a bruise when visible through the skin.
thrombosis
the formation or presence of a thrombus.
thrombus
a clot that forms in a blood vessel or heart chamber; may break free and travel in the bloodstream as a thromboembolus.
embolus
any abnormal traveling object in the blood stream, including a blood clot, air bubble or agglutinated bacteria or blood cells.
