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Serology And Immunology > Chapter 18- Tumor Immunology > Flashcards

Chapter 18- Tumor Immunology Flashcards

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0
Q

Composed of cell that is similar with the normal cells they are from but difference is that they have accelerated or dysregulated growth

A

Tumor

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1
Q

“Swelling”

A

Tumor

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2
Q

Cannot be eradicated because they are similar to tissue

A

Tumor

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3
Q

Tumor that doesn’t spread

A

Benign tumor

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4
Q

Dissemination of tumor, not normal function and death occurs

A

Metastasis

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5
Q

State the 4 stages/process of normal to malignant cell

A

1) induction phase / exposure
2) in situ phase / abnormal growth
3) invasion phase / malignancy
4) dissemination

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6
Q

In induction phase, there is exposure to?

A

Carcinogens
Oncogenic viruses
Radiation

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7
Q

Enlargement of organ

A

Dysplasia

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8
Q

Abnormal growth of tissue

A

Neoplasia

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9
Q

Where neoplasia happens BUT does not metastasize yet

A

In situ phase

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10
Q

Stage where cancer develops due to exposure

A

Induction phase

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11
Q

Phase where cell becomes malignant

A

Invasion phase

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12
Q

Best phase to detect tumor

A

Invasion phase

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13
Q

Phase where tumor is spread throughout the body

A

Dissemination

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14
Q

Dissemination throughout the body is done through the ____ and _____

A

Blood

Lymphatics

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15
Q

Classification of rumors

A

1) poorly differentiated tumors / anaplastic tumors

2) well differentiated tumors

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16
Q

Tumors similar to fetal or embryonic tissue

A

Poorly differentiated tumors

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17
Q

Another term for poorly differentiated tumors

A

Anaplastic tumors

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18
Q

Tumors similar to normal tissue

A

Well-differentiated tumors

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19
Q

the more aggressive type of tumor based on classification

A

Poorly differentiated tumor / anaplastic tumor

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20
Q

This is used to classify tumors by size, involvement, and detection

A

TNM system

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21
Q

What does the TNM system stand for?

A

T=Tumor Size
N= Node (lymph) involvement
M= Metastasis detection

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22
Q

Immune system monitoring tumor

A

Immunosurveillance

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23
Q

Immune system helps monitor tumor by the following:

A

1) NK cells, T cells, and macrophages infiltrated by the tumor
2) poor antigen presentation allow tumor cells to escape from T cells
3) medicines aimed in immune system to fight cancer is a success

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24
Why can tumors be poorly immunogenic?
Because they are the same as body
25
Cytokines that stop tumors
Transforming Growth Factor-B
26
Mutations of cancer cells that are less immunogenic so they escape & mutate so that they won't be controlled by the immune system anymore
Immunoediting
27
Antigens present in tumors and more in number compared to normal tissues
TAA (Tumor Associated Antigens)
28
Tumor Associated Antigens are from
Mutated genes Viruses Aberrant (wrong) expression of normal age
29
Fetal tissue and cancer is the same
Oncofetal Tumor Antigens
30
What are the principles of lab tests?
screening test | Diagnostic test
31
This detects undetectable / asymptomatic cancer
Screening test
32
This is done to know the differential diagnosis (stage, prognosis, therapy selection)
Diagnostic test
33
Probability calculation
Baye's Theorem
34
A good cancer test is?
99% sensitivity (with disease) | 95% specificity (without disease)
35
If population cancer is 0.1%?
98% of POSITIVE is False positive
36
If population cancer is 1%?
83% of POSITIVE is false positive
37
Is identified by clinician 75% of the time
Syndrome
38
If syndrome is identified by clinician 75% of the time and done again...
1.7% is False positive
39
High cancer prevalence being tested
Differential diagnosis
40
Low cancer prevalence being tested
Screening test
41
Has a high number of false positive
Screening test
42
Instances on when to use screening tests? Name 4
1) cancer has a large impact on society, therefore a need to screen people arises 2) if there is a marker with high sensitivity and specificity for use in screening 3) if tumor can be cured at an early stage 4) if cost and benefits suit the society
43
Name 2 benefits of screening test
Improves survival time | Less radical treatment for tumors detected earlier
44
Differential diagnosis of tumor type is done by?
Tissue morphology / cell morphology | Detection of tumor markers
45
Uses labeled antibody to detect antigen
Immunohistochemistry
46
Detects abnormal gene expression
FISH (Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization)
47
Uses nucleic acid probe
FISH
48
What does FISH use?
Nucleic acid probe
49
Is specific for prostate gland of men
PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen )
50
Increased in all prostate cancer
PSA prostate specific antigen
51
Give common tests for Tumor Marker Detection
1) stool occult blood 2) colonoscopy (for COLORECTAL CARCINOMA) 3) papanicolaou smear (CERVICAL CANCER) 4) x-Ray mammography (BREAST CANCER) 5) digital rectal exam (PROSTATE CANCER)
52
3 types of lab methods for cancer screening & diagnosis
1) gross and microscopic morphology of tumors 2) detection of antigen or protein tumor markers 3) DNA/RNA molecular diagnostics
53
Lab methods for cancer screening and diagnosis is chosen based on?
Convenience Cost Sensitivity Specificity
54
What are used for final diagnosis?
1) cytogenetic studies 2) nucleic acid amplification techniques 3) fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)
55
Tests gene defects in various cancers
Cytogenetic studies
56
Detects small populations of cancer cells
Nucleic acid amplification techniques
57
Detects MUTATION, DELETION, and TRANSLOCATION
Nucleic acid amplification techniques
58
What is detected by Nucleic acid amplification techniques ? MDT
Mutation Deletion Translocation
59
Probes with flurophors that can bind to sequence of interest and apply it to cells
FISH
60
Marker for CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA
BCR-ABL
61
Present in MULTIPLE MYELOMA / other LYMPHOID MALIGNANCY
Monoclonal expression of B-Cell DNA rearrangement
62
Used for multiple testing of a sample for multiple genes
Microarray tests
63
A single chip with multiple nucleic acid tests
Microarray tests
64
Susceptible for breast, ovarian and prostate cancer
BRCA-1 & BRCA-2 Mutations
65
4 characteristics of an ideal tumor marker
1) produced by tumor / secreted into some biological fluid 2) long circulating half-life 3) elevated levels while disease is being treated & few false (+) 4) antigen is not present in people without disease so that there is decreased false (+)
66
what are the non-nucleic acid tumor markers?
``` Cell surface markers Proteins Oncofetal Antigen Carbohydrate antigen Blood group antigen Enzymes and Isoenzymes Hormones ```
67
Not really from the tumor; can also be a product of normal tissue
Tumor markers
68
Tumors are mostly detected using ____ due to its ____ BUT it may _____ due to its ____
ANTIBODY SPECIFICITY Cross react Similarities
69
Antigen saturation of antibody inhibits cross linkage needed to view reaction
Prozone effect
70
Causes false decreased measurement; Due to antigen excess can saturate antibody; No sandwich configurations cannot form
High-Dose Hook Effect
71
False increase False (+) Already like a tumor
Heterophile antibody
72
Type of immunotherapy
Passive immunotherapy
73
Involves transfer of antibody, cytokines, cells to patients without it
Passive immunotherapy
74
Immunity comes from others
Passive immunotherapy
75
Allogenic transfer of cells
Graft vs. Leukemia
76
Cells from donors which can be immunized against tumors
T cells
77
Manipulates allogenic T cell to be vulnerable to a drug that will kill them before GVHD happens
Suicide switch
78
These are Harvested and expanded in vitro using IL-2 then give it to the patient
Autologous T-Cells
79
Antibody that can kill cancer cells without destroying adjacent cells
Antibody conjugates / IMMUNOTOXINS

Serology And Immunology (2 decks)

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