Chapter 18- Tumor Immunology Flashcards
Composed of cell that is similar with the normal cells they are from but difference is that they have accelerated or dysregulated growth
Tumor
“Swelling”
Tumor
Cannot be eradicated because they are similar to tissue
Tumor
Tumor that doesn’t spread
Benign tumor
Dissemination of tumor, not normal function and death occurs
Metastasis
State the 4 stages/process of normal to malignant cell
1) induction phase / exposure
2) in situ phase / abnormal growth
3) invasion phase / malignancy
4) dissemination
In induction phase, there is exposure to?
Carcinogens
Oncogenic viruses
Radiation
Enlargement of organ
Dysplasia
Abnormal growth of tissue
Neoplasia
Where neoplasia happens BUT does not metastasize yet
In situ phase
Stage where cancer develops due to exposure
Induction phase
Phase where cell becomes malignant
Invasion phase
Best phase to detect tumor
Invasion phase
Phase where tumor is spread throughout the body
Dissemination
Dissemination throughout the body is done through the ____ and _____
Blood
Lymphatics
Classification of rumors
1) poorly differentiated tumors / anaplastic tumors
2) well differentiated tumors
Tumors similar to fetal or embryonic tissue
Poorly differentiated tumors
Another term for poorly differentiated tumors
Anaplastic tumors
Tumors similar to normal tissue
Well-differentiated tumors
the more aggressive type of tumor based on classification
Poorly differentiated tumor / anaplastic tumor
This is used to classify tumors by size, involvement, and detection
TNM system
What does the TNM system stand for?
T=Tumor Size
N= Node (lymph) involvement
M= Metastasis detection
Immune system monitoring tumor
Immunosurveillance
Immune system helps monitor tumor by the following:
1) NK cells, T cells, and macrophages infiltrated by the tumor
2) poor antigen presentation allow tumor cells to escape from T cells
3) medicines aimed in immune system to fight cancer is a success
Why can tumors be poorly immunogenic?
Because they are the same as body
Cytokines that stop tumors
Transforming Growth Factor-B
Mutations of cancer cells that are less immunogenic so they escape & mutate so that they won’t be controlled by the immune system anymore
Immunoediting
Antigens present in tumors and more in number compared to normal tissues
TAA (Tumor Associated Antigens)
Tumor Associated Antigens are from
Mutated genes
Viruses
Aberrant (wrong) expression of normal age
Fetal tissue and cancer is the same
Oncofetal Tumor Antigens
What are the principles of lab tests?
screening test
Diagnostic test
This detects undetectable / asymptomatic cancer
Screening test