Chapter 18: The Victorians Make the Modern

Question 1

Young Men’s Christian Association

Answer 1

A Christian organization founded in the mid-19th century that provided spiritual and recreational activities for young men and played a significant role in social welfare and community development.

Question 1

Plessy v. Ferguson

Answer 1

A landmark Supreme Court case in 1896 that upheld racial segregation under the doctrine of “separate but equal,” perpetuating racial discrimination in the United States.

Question 2

Negro Leagues

Answer 2

Professional baseball leagues primarily composed of African American and Latin American players in the early 20th century, due to racial segregation in Major League Baseball.

Question 3

Sierra Club

Answer 3

A prominent environmental organization founded in 1892 by John Muir, dedicated to the preservation and protection of natural landscapes and national parks.

Question 4

National Park Service

Answer 4

A federal agency established in 1916 to manage and preserve national parks and monuments in the United States.

Question 5

National Audubon Society

Answer 5

An environmental organization founded in 1905 that focuses on the conservation of birds and their habitats.

Question 6

Comstock Act

Answer 6

A federal law passed in 1873 that prohibited the distribution of information about contraception and abortion, reflecting conservative social values of the time.

Question 7

liberal arts

Answer 7

An educational approach that emphasizes a well-rounded curriculum including the humanities, sciences, and social sciences, fostering critical thinking and intellectual exploration.

Question 8

Atlanta Compromise

Answer 8

A speech delivered by Booker T. Washington in 1895 that advocated for African Americans to focus on vocational education and economic self-improvement, rather than immediate political and civil rights.

Question 9

maternalism

Answer 9

A social and political ideology in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that emphasized women’s roles as caretakers of the family and advocated for their involvement in social reform.

Question 10

Woman’s Christian Temperance Union

Answer 10

A prominent women’s organization founded in 1873 that advocated for the temperance movement, women’s suffrage, and social reform.

Question 11

National Association of Colored Women

Answer 11

An organization founded in 1896 by African American women that focused on social reform, racial uplift, and women’s suffrage.

Question 12

National American Woman Suffrage Association

Answer 12

A leading organization in the women’s suffrage movement, working for women’s right to vote and later merging with the National Women’s Party.

Question 13

feminism

Answer 13

A social and political movement advocating for women’s rights and gender equality in various aspects of life, including politics, economics, and society.

Question 14

natural selection

Answer 14

A concept in Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution that explains how certain traits in a population become more or less common over time due to their adaptive value.

Question 15

Social Darwinism

Answer 15

A belief system in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that applied principles of natural selection to human society, often used to justify social inequalities and laissez-faire capitalism.

Question 16

eugenics

Answer 16

The pseudoscientific belief and practice of improving the human race through selective breeding and sterilization, which gained popularity in the early 20th century but is now widely discredited.

Question 17

realism

Answer 17

A literary and artistic movement in the late 19th century that sought to depict ordinary life and society as it truly was, often focusing on the everyday experiences of common people.

Question 18

naturalism

Answer 18

A literary and artistic movement that extended from realism and emphasized the influence of environmental and hereditary factors on human behavior and destiny.

Question 19

modernism

Answer 19

A cultural and artistic movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, characterized by a break from traditional norms, experimentation, and a focus on individualism and innovation.

Question 20

American Protective Association

Answer 20

A nativist and anti-Catholic organization founded in the late 19th century that sought to limit the influence and immigration of Catholics in the United States.

Question 21

Social Gospel

Answer 21

A Christian reform movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that emphasized the application of Christian ethics to social and economic problems, advocating for social justice and improved living conditions.

Question 22

fundamentalism

Answer 22

A religious movement that emerged in the early 20th century, emphasizing a strict and literal interpretation of religious texts and opposing modernist interpretations and secularism.