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Physiology II - HLSC 128 > Chapter 18- The Reproductive System > Flashcards

Chapter 18- The Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

How many chromosomes are in in a human somatic cell?

A

46 (diploid)
23 homologous pairs

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2
Q

How many chromosomes are in gametes (Sperm and egg)?

A

23 (haploid)

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3
Q

How are gametes made?

A

Gametogenesis via meiosis

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4
Q

What are autosomes?

A

22 pairs of chromosomes which code for general human characteristics and specific traits
e.g; eye colour

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5
Q

What is the 23rd pair of chromosomes?

A

Sex chromosomes
2 types:
Larger X chromosome
Smaller Y chromosome

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6
Q

What are the gonads of the male reproductive system called?

A

testes

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7
Q

What is the dual function the testes?

A
  1. produce sperm
  2. Secrete testosterone
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8
Q

Where is sperm produced within the testes?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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9
Q

What cells produce testosterone?

A

Leydig interstitial cells

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10
Q

Where do Leydig cells lie?

A

In connective tissue between seminiferous tubules

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11
Q

What cells support spermatogenesis?

A

Sertoli cells

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12
Q

What kind of hormone is testosterone?

A

Steroid hormone derived from cholesterol

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13
Q

What are the 5 categories of testosterone effects?

A

Reproductive system before birth
Sex-specific tissues after birth
Other reproductive-related effects
Secondary sexual characteristics
Non-reproductive actions

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14
Q

What does spermatogenesis result in?

A

Many highly specialized, mobile sperm

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15
Q

What do haploid sperm start off as?

A

Undifferentiated diploid germ cells (spermatogonia)

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16
Q

When do diploid germ cells differentiate into haploid spermatozoa?

A

At puberty

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17
Q

What are the 3 major stages of spermatogenesis?

A

Mitotic proliferation
Meiosis
packaging

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18
Q

How many days does it take to go from spermatogonia to sperm?

A

64 days
~30 million sperm/day

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19
Q

What is mitotic proliferation?

A

2 mitotic division to make 4 identical primary spermatocytes

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20
Q

What is meiosis?

A

2 meiotic divisions
16 sperms from each spermatogonia

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21
Q

What is packaging?

A

Closely associated with Sertoli cells
Spermatozoa created

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22
Q

What are the four parts of Sperm?

A
  1. Head
  2. Acrosome
  3. Midpiece
  4. Tail
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23
Q

What is the head of the sperm?

A

Mostly just the nucleus which contains DNA

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24
Q

What is the acrosome of the sperm?

A

Enzyme-filled vesicle that caps the tip of head

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25
Q

What is the function of the acrosome?

A

Enzyme used to penetrate ovum

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26
Q

What forms the acrosome?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex before the organelles are discarded

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27
Q

What is the midpiece of the sperm?

A

Area where mitochondria are concentrated

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28
Q

What is the tail of the sperm?

A

Provides mobility for sperm

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29
Q

Where are Sertoli cells located?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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30
Q

What is the function of Sertoli cells?

A

Secrete fluid
Secrete androgen-binding protein
Site of action to control spermatogenesis

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31
Q

What does the fluid secreted from Sertoli cells do?

A

flushes released sperm from tubule into the epididymis for storage and maturation

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32
Q

What do Sertoli cells release to control spermatogenesis?

A

Inhibin

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33
Q

How do Sertoli cells regulate FSH secretion?

A

Negative-feedback
Inhibin: inhibits release of FSH

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34
Q

What two gonadotropic hormones from the anterior pituitary control the testes?

A
  1. Luteinising hormone LH
    2.Follicle-stimulating hormone FSH
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35
Q

What hormone is essential to maintaining spermatogenesis in adult males?

A

testosterone

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36
Q

What hormone directly controls testosterone?

A

LH

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37
Q

What hormone does testosterone feedback influence the release of?

A

GnRH

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38
Q

What does GnRH do?

A

Regulates gonadotropins

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39
Q

What hormone acts on Sertoli cells to stimulate spermatogenesis?

A

FSH

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40
Q

What are LH and FSH levels like pre puberty?

A

Too low to stimulate testosterone production

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41
Q

What age is more GnRH released?

A

from 8-12 years
-onset of puberty

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42
Q

What is the pathway of sperm after spermatogenesis?

A

Produced in seminferous tubules —> Epididymis —> Ductus vas deferens

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43
Q

What does testosterone do to sperm in the epididymis?

A

Gain motility and fertilisation
-mature

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44
Q

Where are sperm concentrated?

A

Ductus deferens

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45
Q

How are sperm concentrated?

A

Peristaltic contractions

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46
Q

How long are sperm stored for?

A

Several days

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47
Q

What are the primary reproductive organs of the Female reproductive system?

A

Ovaries
-produce ova via oogenesis

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48
Q

What do the ovaries secrete?

A

female sex hormones

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49
Q

What are the female sex hormones?

A

Estrogen
Progesterone

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50
Q

What are the undifferentiated primordial germ cells called in fetal ovaries?

A

Oogonia

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51
Q

What happens to oogonia?

A

Divide mitotically
6 mill to 7 mill oogonia by 5th month of gestation

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52
Q

What happens to Oogonia during the last part of fetal life?

A

The beginning of the early steps of the first meiotic division
-isn’t completed tho- Primary oocyte

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53
Q

What are primary oocytes?

A

Oocyte with diploid number of 46 replicated chromosomes

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54
Q

What do primary oocytes remain in for years until ovulation?

A

Meiotic arrest

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55
Q

What are primary oocytes surrounded by?

A

Single layer of ganulosa cells
Oocyte + granuloma cells –> primordial follicle

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56
Q

What is a primordial follicle?

A

The starting point of follicular development and the basic functional unit of female reproduction
~2 million at birth

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57
Q

After development starts what are the 2 fates of a primordial follicle?

A
  1. Reach maturity and ovulate
    -become a primary follicle
    ~400/reproductive life
  2. Degenerate to form scar tissue
    -Atresia
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58
Q

What happens between puberty and menopause?

A

Follicles develop into secondary astral follicles on cyclic basis
-1 oocyte/cycle (normally)

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59
Q

What happens to a primary oocyte just before ovulation?

A

Completes first meiotic division
-First polar body (non-functional)
-Secondary oocyte is ovulated

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60
Q

What does sperm entry/fertilization trigger?

A

Second meiotic division of oocyte
-Second polar body (haploid, non-functional)

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61
Q

What cells unite during fertilisation?

A

Mature haploid ovum units with haploid sperm cell

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62
Q

How many ovum does a primary oocyte yield?

A

one
-3 polar bodies disintegrate

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63
Q

What is the ovarian cycle?

A

Ovary alternates between 2 phases that lasts 28 days

64
Q

What are the 2 phases an ovary alternates between?

A
  1. Follicular
  2. Luteal
65
Q

What is the follicular phase?

A

Dominated by presence of maturing follicles

66
Q

What is the luteal phase?

A

characterised by presence of corpus luteum

67
Q

When does the follicular phase occur?

A

First half of the cycle

68
Q

What does a follicle contain?

A

A maturing oocyte

69
Q

What do granulosa cells in follicles secrete?

A

Increased amounts of estrogen

70
Q

What is ovulation?

A

After follicle grows it ruptures to release the oocyte from the ovary where it enters the oviduct to be fertilised (or not)

71
Q

When does the Luteal phase occur?

A

Last 14 days of ovarian cycle

72
Q

What do old follicular cells form?

A

Corpus luteum

73
Q

When does the corpus luteum become functional?

A

4 days after ovulation

74
Q

What does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

Progesterone and estrogen

75
Q

How long does the corpus luteum continue to increase in size for?

A

Another four to five days

76
Q

What happens to corpus luteum if the released ovum isn’t fertilised and implanted?

A

Corpus luteum degenerates about 14 days after its formation

77
Q

During the follicular phase a rise in what signals the release of estrogen?

A

FSH

78
Q

What hormone decreases as follicular phase proceeds?

A

FSH
-rise in estrogen inhibits FSH secretion

79
Q

What hormone peaks mid-cycle during the follicular phase?

A

LH
-LH surges (positive feedback)

80
Q

What is triggered when LH peaks mid-cycle?

A

ovulation

81
Q

What happens when a mature follicle to be converted to a corpus luteum?

A

A decrease in estrogen output

82
Q

What does progesterone inhibit?

A

Inhibits release of FSH and LH

83
Q

What happens to the Corpus leuteum when there is low LH?

A

Corpus luteum degenerates

84
Q

Once progesterone levels decline, what hormone starts to rise again?

A

FSH

85
Q

The rise of FSH initiates what?

A

A new cycle

86
Q

What does estrogen primarily inhibit?

A

FSH from anterior pituitary

87
Q

What hormone continues to rise during follicular phase?

A

LH
-Estrogen alone cannot inhibit LH

88
Q

What is an LH surge?

A

Positive feedback by estrogen causing a massive increase in LH secretion

89
Q

What does an LH surge cause?

A

Triggers ovulation and luteinization

90
Q

How does an LH surge cause ovulation and luteinization?

A

Mid-cycle it halts estrogen synthesis by follicular cells and reinitiates meiosis (meiosis I completes) and follicular cells turn into luteal cells

91
Q

What hormone “Maintains” the corpus luteum?

A

LH

92
Q

How does Lh maintain the corpus luteum?

A

Stimulates ongoing steroid hormone secretion by the luteal cell

93
Q

What is the menstrual (uterine) cycle?

A

28 day cycle reflecting the hormonal changes during the ovarian cycle
-Menstrual bleeding once
3 phases

94
Q

What are the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

1, Menstrual phase
2. Proliferative phase
3. Secretory or progestational phase

95
Q

What is the menstrual phase characterised by?

A

Discharge or blood and endometrial debris from vagina

96
Q

What does the 1st day of menstruation signify?

A

Start of a new cycle

97
Q

What does menstruation coincide with from the ovarian cycle?

A

End of ovarian luteal phase and onset of follicular phase

98
Q

What is released during the Menstrual phase?

A

Uterine prostaglandin

99
Q

What does Uterine prostaglandin cause?

A
  1. Vasoconstriction of endometrial vessels
  2. Stimulates mild rhythmic contractions of myometrium
100
Q

What does the vasoconstriction of endometrial vessels cause?

A

Disrupts blood flow
Causes death of endometrium

101
Q

What do the mild rhythmic contractions of the myometrium do?

A

Help expel blood and debris from uterus out through the vagina (menstrual flow)

102
Q

When is the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Begins with last portion of ovarian follicular phase

103
Q

What happens during the Proliferative phase of menstrual cycle?

A

Endometrium starts to repair itself and proliferate under the influence of estrogen from newly growing follicles

104
Q

When does the oestrogen-dominant proliferative phase last from?

A

Lasts from end of menstruation to ovulation

105
Q

What is the secretory or pro gestational phase occur?

A

After ovulation when new corpus luteum is formed

106
Q

What does progesterone do to the endometrium?

A

-Makes it highly vascualrized
-becomes glycogen-filled tissue secreted by glands

107
Q

What causes a new menstrual phase to begin?

A

Fertilisation and implantation do not occur and corpus luteum degenerates

108
Q

What is the site of fertilisation?

A

Upper third the oviduct called the ampuls

109
Q

When must fertilisation occur?

A

24 hours after ovulation

110
Q

How long can sperm survive in the female reproductive tract?

A

Up to 5 days
-usually survive 48 hours

111
Q

What is triggered when the first sperms reach the ovum?

A

A chemical change is triggered in the ovums membrane to make it impermeable to more sperm

112
Q

How long does it take for a sperm and egg nuclei to fuse?

A

An hour

113
Q

What is a fertilised ovum called?

A

Zygote

114
Q

The completion of what is triggered when the first sperm reaches the ovum?

A

After fusing with plasma membrane of the ovum the completion of meiosis is triggered

115
Q

How does a fertilised ovum develop?

A

By dividing mitotically

116
Q

Within weeks what happens to the fertilised ovum?

A

It grows and differentiates into a blastocyst which can implant

117
Q

How does a blastocyst implant into the endometrial lining?

A

Enzymes released by trophoblasts

118
Q

What do the enzymes released by trophoblasts do?

A
  1. Digest endometrial tissue to carve a hole for implantation of the blastocyst
  2. release nutrients from endometrial cells for use in developing the embryo
119
Q

After implantation what organ begin to develop?

A

The placenta

120
Q

What is the placenta?

A

organ of exchange between maternal and fetal blood

121
Q

How does a placenta develop?

A

-Finger-like projections of chorionic tissue extend into the pools of maternal blood
-The developing embryo sends out capillaries into chorionic projections to form placental villi

122
Q

What does the inner cell mass of a developing placenta form?

A

Fluid-filled amniotic cavity
-Aka amniotic sac/amnion contains amniotic fluid

123
Q

What vein carries oxygen and nutrient blood from the placenta to the fetus?

A

umbilical vein

124
Q

What arteries carry waste products and low oxygen content to the placenta?

A

Umbilical arteries

125
Q

What hormones does the placenta secrete?

A
  1. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
  2. Estrogen
  3. Progesterone
126
Q

What is hCG?

A

Hormone that maintains the corpus luteum during pregnancy, like LH
-Placenta take over function in last two trimesters

127
Q

What does estrogen from the corpus luteum do during pregnancy?

A

Maintains normal pregnancy and growth of uterine muscle mass

128
Q

What does progesterone from the corpus luteum do during pregnancy?

A

Maintains normal pregnancy and inhibits uterine contractility

129
Q

What hormone is tested for by pregnancy tests?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin
during the 1st trimester

130
Q

What secretes hCG?

A

trophoblast

131
Q

What does hCG stimulate?

A

Steroid hormones from the corpus luteum.

132
Q

Can pregnancy occur without hCG?

A

NO
No hCG = no pregnancy

133
Q

What hormones are produced by the placenta during the 2nd and 3rd trimester?

A

Estrogen and progesterone because the corpus luteum begins to degenerate

134
Q

How long is pregnancy?

A

From conception- 38 weeks

135
Q

What physical change occur within a mother to meet the demands of pregnancy?

A

*Uterine enlargement
*Breasts enlarge and develop ability to produce milk
*Volume of blood increases 30%
*Weight gain
*Respiratory activity increases by about 20%
*Urinary output increases
*Kidneys excrete additional wastes from fetus
*Nutritional requirements increase

136
Q

What is parturition?

A

Labour/delivery/birth

137
Q

What does parturition require?

A

Dilation of cervical canal
Contraction of uterine myometrium to expel fetus

138
Q

What causes the dilation of the cervical canal?

A

Relaxin
-Collagen fibres breakdown (estrogen andPGs)

139
Q

What kind of cycle progresses parturition?

A

A positive-feedback cycle

140
Q

What hormone is secreted when the fetus puts pressure against the cervix?

A

Oxytocin

141
Q

What is the role of Oxytocin?

A

-Stronger contractions
-Positive-feedback cycle until delivery is complete

142
Q

What are the stages of labour?

A
  1. Cervical dilation
  2. Delivery of baby
  3. Delivery of placenta
143
Q

What is the longest stage of labour?

A

cervical dilation
-Can take up to 24 hours

144
Q

When does the delivery of thereby begin?

A

When cervical dilation is complete
takes 30-90 mins

145
Q

What is the shortest stage of labour?

A

Delivery of placenta

146
Q

What happens during the delivery of the placenta stage?

A

Second series of uterine contractions separates placenta from myometrium

147
Q

After delivery what happens to the uterus?

A

Shrinks to pre gestational size (involution)

148
Q

During gestation what promotes the development of mammary glands?

A

Placental estrogen and progesterone

149
Q

During gestation what is action is inhibited on mammary glads?

A

Prolactin action is inhibited

150
Q

What is Prolactin?

A

Stimulates milk production by alveolar epithelial cells

151
Q

What initiates lactation?

A

withdrawal of placental steroids at parturition

152
Q

What sustains lactation?

A

Suckling

153
Q

What does suckling trigger?

A

Release of oxytocin and prolactin

154
Q

What is oxytocin function in lactation?

A

Squeeze secreted milk out through ducts

155
Q

What is prolactin function in lactation?

A

Stimulates secretion of more milk to replace milk ejected

Physiology II - HLSC 128 (7 decks)

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