Chapter 18: The Endocrine System Flashcards
Hormones that are lipid-soluble
- steroids
- thyroid hormone
- nitric oxide
hormones that are water-soluble
- amines
- peptides
- proteins
- glycoproteins
- eicosanoids
mechanism of water-soluble hormones
-alter cell function by activitating plasma membrane receptors which produce a second messenger that activates enzymes inside cell
mechanism of lipid-soluble horomones
- steroid and thyroid hormones alter gene expression
3 effects that hormones have
- permissive
- synergistic
- antagonistic
role of hypothalamus and pituitary gland
- regulate all aspects of growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis
Role of the Growth hormone (GH)
stimulates body growth through insulin-like growth factors
role of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
regulates thyroid gland activities
role of follicle-stimulating (FSH) and Leutinizing hormone (LH)
regulate activities of the gonads, controlled by GnRH
role of prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)
stimulates prolactin to help initiate milk secretion
role of Adenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
regulates activities of adrenal cortex
hormones of the posterior pituitary gland
Oxytocin (OT) and antidiuretic (ADH)
role of oxytocin (OT)
regulates the male and female reproductive systems, is important in labour and lactation
hormones of the Thyroid
Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Parafollicular cells, which secrete calcitonin
What hormones regulate what the thyroid do?
Thyro-tropin releasing (TRH) and Thyroid-stimulating (TSH)
role of thyroid hormones
regulate oxygen use and metabolic rate, cellular metabolism, and growth and development
role of calcitonin
controls calcium levels in the bone and blood
location of parathyroid gland
posterior surfaces in the lateral sides of thyroid gland
role of Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
hemostasis of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate by increasing blood calcium and magnesium and lowering phosphate in blood.
location of adrenal gland
located superior to kidneys (like little pyramid hats)
hormones produced by the adrenal gland
cortisol and aldosterone, androgens, epinephrine and norepinephrine
role of cortisol
promotes protein breakdown, helps resist stress, anti-inflammatory (is controlled by ACTH)
role of androgens
secreted by the adrenal cortex, which stimulates growth of axillary & pubic hair, aids in prepubertal growth spurt, contributes to libido
role of epinephrine (adrenaline)
aids in fight or flight response.
- increases HR
- dilates vessels of airways in lungs for increased intake of oxygen
- redirects blood flow to major organs (muscles and brain)
- tells liver to release stored glucose
- blood vessel constriction
role of norepinephrine
involuntary functions like heart rate, digestion and respiratory rate.
role of alpha pancreatic islet cells
glucagon production to increase blood glucose
role of beta pancreatic islet cells
insulin production to decrease blood glucose
role of delta pancreatic islet cells
somatostatin
what hormones do the ovaries produce
estrogen, progesterone, inhibin
what hormone do the testes produce
testosterone, inhibin
what hormone does the pineal gland produce/secrete
melatonin
what hormones are secreted from the thymus
hormones related to immunity
- thymosin
- thymic humoral factor (THF)
- thymic factor
- thymopoeitin
** all promote the maturation of T cells**
what is Eustress
productive stress
what is distress
harmful stress
3 stages of the stress response
- fight-flight-freeze
- resistance reaction
- exhaustion (depletion of body’s resources)
what triggers the stress response?
surgery, poisons, infection, fever, strong emotions, trauma
