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BIO235: MIDTERM 2 > Chapter 18: The Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 18: The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones that are lipid-soluble

A
  • steroids
  • thyroid hormone
  • nitric oxide
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2
Q

hormones that are water-soluble

A
  • amines
  • peptides
  • proteins
  • glycoproteins
  • eicosanoids
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3
Q

mechanism of water-soluble hormones

A

-alter cell function by activitating plasma membrane receptors which produce a second messenger that activates enzymes inside cell

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4
Q

mechanism of lipid-soluble horomones

A
  • steroid and thyroid hormones alter gene expression
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5
Q

3 effects that hormones have

A
  1. permissive
  2. synergistic
  3. antagonistic
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6
Q

role of hypothalamus and pituitary gland

A
  • regulate all aspects of growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis
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7
Q

Role of the Growth hormone (GH)

A

stimulates body growth through insulin-like growth factors

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7
Q

role of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

regulates thyroid gland activities

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7
Q

role of follicle-stimulating (FSH) and Leutinizing hormone (LH)

A

regulate activities of the gonads, controlled by GnRH

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8
Q

role of prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)

A

stimulates prolactin to help initiate milk secretion

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9
Q

role of Adenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

A

regulates activities of adrenal cortex

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10
Q

hormones of the posterior pituitary gland

A

Oxytocin (OT) and antidiuretic (ADH)

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11
Q

role of oxytocin (OT)

A

regulates the male and female reproductive systems, is important in labour and lactation

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12
Q

hormones of the Thyroid

A

Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Parafollicular cells, which secrete calcitonin

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13
Q

What hormones regulate what the thyroid do?

A

Thyro-tropin releasing (TRH) and Thyroid-stimulating (TSH)

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14
Q

role of thyroid hormones

A

regulate oxygen use and metabolic rate, cellular metabolism, and growth and development

15
Q

role of calcitonin

A

controls calcium levels in the bone and blood

16
Q

location of parathyroid gland

A

posterior surfaces in the lateral sides of thyroid gland

17
Q

role of Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

hemostasis of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate by increasing blood calcium and magnesium and lowering phosphate in blood.

18
Q

location of adrenal gland

A

located superior to kidneys (like little pyramid hats)

19
Q

hormones produced by the adrenal gland

A

cortisol and aldosterone, androgens, epinephrine and norepinephrine

20
Q

role of cortisol

A

promotes protein breakdown, helps resist stress, anti-inflammatory (is controlled by ACTH)

21
Q

role of androgens

A

secreted by the adrenal cortex, which stimulates growth of axillary & pubic hair, aids in prepubertal growth spurt, contributes to libido

22
Q

role of epinephrine (adrenaline)

A

aids in fight or flight response.
- increases HR
- dilates vessels of airways in lungs for increased intake of oxygen
- redirects blood flow to major organs (muscles and brain)
- tells liver to release stored glucose
- blood vessel constriction

23
Q

role of norepinephrine

A

involuntary functions like heart rate, digestion and respiratory rate.

24
Q

role of alpha pancreatic islet cells

A

glucagon production to increase blood glucose

25
Q

role of beta pancreatic islet cells

A

insulin production to decrease blood glucose

26
Q

role of delta pancreatic islet cells

A

somatostatin

27
Q

what hormones do the ovaries produce

A

estrogen, progesterone, inhibin

28
Q

what hormone do the testes produce

A

testosterone, inhibin

29
Q

what hormone does the pineal gland produce/secrete

A

melatonin

30
Q

what hormones are secreted from the thymus

A

hormones related to immunity
- thymosin
- thymic humoral factor (THF)
- thymic factor
- thymopoeitin
** all promote the maturation of T cells**

31
Q

what is Eustress

A

productive stress

32
Q

what is distress

A

harmful stress

33
Q

3 stages of the stress response

A
  1. fight-flight-freeze
  2. resistance reaction
  3. exhaustion (depletion of body’s resources)
34
Q

what triggers the stress response?

A

surgery, poisons, infection, fever, strong emotions, trauma

BIO235: MIDTERM 2 (5 decks)

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