Chapter 18 terms Flashcards
rules either implicit or explicit that govern the behavior of group members
Group Dynamics norms
when like minded people share ideas outcome is likely more extreme than individual positions
Group Polarization
the tendency for individuals to censor their own beliefs to preserve the harmony of the group lack of diversity of viewpoints that can cause disastrous results in decision making
Group think
Loss of self awareness and restraint resulting from immersion in a group
Deindiviuation
the tendency of individuals to put less effort into a group task than when they are individually accountable
Social loafing
improved performance of well learned tasks in front of others
social facilitation
the lone dissenter can have an effect in situations
minority influence
Attributing more favorable qualities to “Us”
In-Group bias
Belief that members of another group are more similar in their attitudes than they really are
Out-Group homogeneity
unjustified attitudes we hold about others
Prejudice
when prejudice attitudes result in unjustified behavior towards members of a group
Discrimination
overgeneralized belief about the characteristics of members of a particular group schema used to judge others quickly
stereotype
Attributes the prejudice to frustration when own self worth in is doubt or jeopardy we find others to blame
Scapegoat theory
Basic belief that our culture is superior to others
Ethnocentrism
Proposed that equal status contact between antagonistic groups should lower tension and increase harmony
Contact theory
An emergency situation that requires joint cooperation of both groups to solve
superordinate goals
we attribute our successes to personal causes and our failures to situational factors
self serving bias
when assessing why other people acted why they did we tend to underestimate the situational factors
and overestimate dispositional factors
fundamental attribution error
the tendency to attribute our own behavior to situational causes and the behavior of others to personal causes
actor-observer bias
the belief that people get what they deserve
just world phenomenon
a tendency to let our preconceived expectations of others influence how we treat them and thus bring about the very behavior we expected
self fulfilling prophecy
accepting others opinions about reality especially under conditions of uncertainty
informational social influence
going along with the decisions of the group in order to gain its social approval
normative social influence
the tendency to comply with a large request if we have previously complied with smaller request
foot in the door
someone makes a very large request we are almost certain to refuse and follows up this with a smaller one and out of guilt we comply with the smaller request
door in the face
after given a gift we listen to what they want then when they ask for a donation we feel obliged because of the gift
reciprocity norm
people unconsciously begin to adopt the beliefs of their parents friends and significant others
mere exposure effect
the tension that results from holding conflicting beliefs attitudes opinions or values when our actions do not coincide with these cognitions
cognitive dissonance
a speaker uses facts figures and other information to enable listeners to carefully process the information and think about their opinions
central route of persuasion
Pairing things with popular/famous/people/ concepts to make them more appealable
peripheral route of persuasion
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
altruism
Will help only if the situation enables us to first notice the incident then interpret it as an emergency and finally assume the responsibility for helping
bystander intervention
we are less likely to help when other are present
diffusion of responsibility
when we are blocked short of a goal we get frustrated frustration creates anger which may generate aggression
Frustration aggression principle
an act of aggression that intends to hurt someone but as a means to a goal other than causing pain
instrumental aggression
act of aggression stemming from a feeling of anger and intended to cause pain or injury
hostile aggression
proximity, physical attractiveness and similarity
3 influences
