Chapter 18 Sustainable Development Flashcards
Define sustainable development
It is the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
List the goals of sustainable development
- Reduce inequality within and among countries
- Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
- End poverty in all its forms everywhere
- Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
Define economic development
Economic development refers to a process that leads to improved standards of living for a population as a whole.
Including reductions in poverty, improved gender equality, increased access to goods and services that satisfy basic needs (for example: education and health care)
Differentiate single indicator and composite indicator
Single indicator covers a specific area
Composite indicator gather a group of indicators and put them together in an attempt to get a broad picture of a country’s level of development
Measure multidimensional nature of economic growth
Give an example of single indicator to compare GDP per capita and GNI per capita, define it
Definition: Purchasing power parity is based on the law of one price, which states that an identical good in one country should cost the same in another country, and that the exchange rate should reflect that price
Why use it: Different countries have different price levels
Give examples of health indicator
Life expectancy: at birth the average number of years of life in a population
Infant mortality: the number of infant deaths from the time of birth until the age of one,
per 1000 live births
Maternal mortality: the number of women who die per year as a result of pregnancy-related causes, per 100000 live births
Give examples of education indicator
Adult literacy rate: measure of the proportion of the adult population, aged 15 or over, who can read and write
Primary school enrolment: measures the percentage of school-age children who are enrolled in primary school
Give examples of Economic inequality indicators
Lorenz curve
Gini coefficients
Poverty lines
Give examples of energy indicator
Renewable energy consumption
Electric power consumption
Give examples of environmental indicators
CO2 emissions per unit of GDP
Measures of intensity of water use
Explain Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI measures:
Health: measured by life expectancy at birth
Education: measured by mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling.
Living standards: measured by GNI per capita (PPP US$).
The composite index is the average over the three dimensions, where each dimension is expressed as a value between 0 to 1.
Explain Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index
Each dimension in HDI is adjusted for inequality.
If there were perfectly equality in income, health and education, the IHDI would be exactly equal to HDI.
Explain gender inequality index
Reproductive health
Empowerment
Labour market participation
Explain Happy planet index
o Only indicator that adjusted for unsustainable resource use
o Consider life expectancy, inequalities and ecological footprint
Explain the strengths and limitation of measuring economic development
o Economic development is a multidimensional process, which cannot be accurately measured by any one measure
o Each single indicator or composite indicator only capture one part or some parts of development
o could combine many indicators to obtain an overall picture
o each indicator measures an aspect of development, often present conflicting results
indicators are subject to statistical problems:
o no access to most recent data
o Data are not fully available
o Limited capacity for collection of data
o Varied definitions
