Chapter 18 Microbiology

Question 1

Microbiology

Answer 1

The study of microorganisms

Question 2

Aristotle

Answer 2

Introduced the earliest belief that life was “spontaneously generated” from nonliving matter.

Question 3

Antony Van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 3

Used a primitive microscope to observe stagnant water and scrapings from the teeth

Question 4

John Tyndall

Answer 4

English physicist who explained the need for prolonged heating to destroy microbial life in broth

Question 5

John Lister

Answer 5

English surgeon who recognized the role of airborne microorganisms in post-surgical infection

Question 6

Robert Koch

Answer 6

German physician who provided the techniques and discipline necessary to guide future microbiologists

Question 7

Louis Pasteur

Answer 7

Father of microbiology, french chemist who disproved the theory of spontaneous generation of life and associated living microorganisms with disease

Question 8

Five major groups of microorganisms

Answer 8

1. Bacteria
2. Algae
3. Protozoa
4. fungi
5. Viruses

Question 9

Bacteria and their shapes

Answer 9

1. Spherical (cocci)- Reproduce by dividing into two
2. Rod (bacilli)- Tuberculosis is a disease that is caused by a bacillus
3. Spiral (Spirochetes)- They have flexible cell walls and are capable of movement

Question 10

Gram-Positive
Gram-Negative Bacteria
Gram-variable

Answer 10

Gram-Positive - Bacteria that are stained by the dye. They appear dark purple under the microscope.
Gram-Negative - Bacteria that do not hold the stain. They are almost colorless and nearly invisible under microscope
Gram-variable - bacteria not consistently stained

Question 11

Aerobes
Anaerobes
Facultative Anaerobes

Answer 11

Aerobes- require oxygen to grow
Anaerobes- bacteria that grow in the absence of oxygen
Facultative- Can grow in the presence or the absence of oxygen

Question 12

Spores

Answer 12

Present the most resistant form of life known. Example- tetanus

Question 13

Hepatitis A

Answer 13

Fecal to oral, putting something in the mouth that has been contaminated through stool.

Question 14

Hepatitis B

Answer 14

blood-borne

Question 15

Hepatitis C

Answer 15

Transmitted through blood transfusion or by percutaneous exposure to blood.
(needle sticks, percutaneous injuries)

Question 16

Hepatitis D

Answer 16

You cannot get it if you don’t have Hepatitis B.

Question 17

Hepatitis E

Answer 17

fecal to oral route through contaminated food or water. Seen in developing countries.

Question 18

HIV

Answer 18

blood-borne viral disease
AIDS is caused by HIV
Spread through sexual contact, by needle sharing among drug users