Chapter 18 GERD Flashcards
Causes of GERD
- LES dysfunction
- delayed gastric emptying
- increased abdominal pressure
Treatments for GERD
- lifestyle changes
- pharmacotherapy with acid-suppressors
- antireflux surgery
Erosive esophagitis
mucous membrane lining the esophagus is inflamed with areas of erosion from severe GERD
Barrett esophagus
change of the normal squamous epithelium of the distal esophagus to a metaplastic, columnar-lined epithelium from gastric acid exposure
Increases risk for esophageal cancer
Lower esophageal sphincter
zone of the distal esophagus with an elevated basal resting pressure that prevents the reflux of gastric material from the stomach
Valsalva maneuver
forced respiratory expiration against a closed glottis
Hiatal hernia
Protrusion of a portion of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm.
Esophageal stricture
Abnormal narrowing of the esophageal lumen.
Ambulatory esophageal reflux monitoring
A telemetry capsule containing a tiny camera is swallowed, or a transnasal catheter is inserted to determine how often reflux is occurring as well as the incidence of abnormal esophageal acid exposure
Esophageal manometry
Measurement of pressures and muscle contractions in the esophagus.
Dyspepsia
Upper abdominal symptoms including pain or discomfort, bloating, feeling of fullness despite little food intake, unusual fullness after meals, nausea, loss of appetite, heartburn, regurgitation of food or acid, and belching.
Regurgitation
effortless and nonprojectile passage of refluxed gastric contents into the pharynx or mouth
Dysphagia
painful or difficult swallowing
Odynophagia
Pain on swallowing food and fluids, often due to esophageal disease
Tachyphylaxis
continued or repeated exposure to a drug that may lead to a diminished pharmacological response over time.