CHAPTER 18 A TRANSFORMED NATION: THE WEST AND THE NEW SOUTH, 1865–1900 Flashcards
I. An Industrializing West
A. The Homestead Act
B. Railroads
C. Chinese Laborers and the Railroads
D. The Golden Spike
E. Railroads and Borderlands Communities
F. Mining
G. Cattle Drives and the Open Range
H. The Industrialization of Ranching
I. Industrial Cowboys
J. Mexican Americans
K. Itinerant Laborers
L. Homesteading and Farming
M. The Experience of Homesteading
N. Gender and Western Settlement
II. Conquest and Resistance: American Indians in the Trans-Mississippi West
A. Conflict with the Dakota Sioux
B. Suppression of Central Plains Indians
C. The “Peace Policy”
D. The Dawes Severalty Act and Indian Boarding Schools
E. The Ghost Dance
F. Sitting Bull and Buffalo Bill: Popular Myths of the West
III. Industrialization and the New South
A. Race and Industrialization
B. Southern Agriculture
C. Exodusters and Emigrationists
D. Race Relations in the New South
E. The Emergence of an African American Middle Class
F. The Rise of Jim Crow
IV. The Politics of Stalemate
A. Knife-Edge Electoral Balance
B. Civil Service Reform
C. The Tariff Issue
1862
Sioux uprising in Minnesota, 38 Sioux executed
1864
Colorado militia massacres Cheyenne in village at Sand Creek, Colorado
1866
Cowboys conduct first cattle drive north from Texas
1869
President Grant announces his “peace policy” toward Indians
1876
Sioux and Cheyenne defeat Custer at Little Big Horn
1880
James A. Garfield elected president
1881
Garfield assassinated; Chester A. Arthur becomes president
1883
Pendleton Act begins reform of the civil service
1884
Grover Cleveland elected president
1887
Dawes Severalty Act dissolves Indian tribal units and implements individual
ownership of tribal lands
1888
Benjamin Harrison elected president
1889
Government opens Indian Territory (Oklahoma) to white settlement
1890
Wounded Knee massacre; New Mississippi constitution pioneers black
disfranchisement in South; Republicans try but fail to enact federal elections bill to
protect black voting rights; Congress enacts McKinley Tariff
1892
Grover Cleveland again elected president
1895
Booker T. Washington makes his Atlanta Compromise address
1896
Plessy v. Ferguson legalizes “separate but equal” state racial segregation laws
1898
Williams v. Mississippi condones use of literacy tests and similar measures to restrict
voting rights
industrializing of the West.
The need to close the vast distances of the frontier for settlement and commerce led to the
industrializing of the West.
Homestead Act
From 1865 to 1890, the frontier changed markedly. Encouraged by legislation such
as the Homestead Act, the white population of the West increased dramatically.
railroads
The construction of railroads, one of the main agencies of westward expansion, was
facilitated by the government as well as the corruption of the railroad owners.
Chinese laborers
Drawn to California by the Gold Rush, Chinese laborers would face intense
discrimination. Still many would preserve and find success. They would also become
the main source of construction labor for the Central Pacific railroad.
golden spike
The completion of the transcontinental railroad would be symbolized by the driving
of a final “golden spike” into the connecting track.
borderland communities
Railroads adversely altered the economic dynamics of borderland communities in
the Southwest, leaving them poorer as a result.
Mining
Silver and copper enticed miners westward (gold had done so before). Mining
became highly capitalized, with savage labor relations and the most militant of
unions.
cattle drives
Cowboys engaged in cattle drives and lived on the open range, setting the stage for
a popular mythologization of their profession.