Chapter 18

Question 1

The hypothalamus produces two hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary gland. What are they?

Answer 1

ADH and Oxytocin

Question 2

What is the function of the hormone ADH, that is produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland?

Answer 2

Promotes water retention my targeting the DCT and CD of the kidneys.

Question 3

What are the functions of the hormone Oxytocin (OT) that is produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland?

Answer 3

1) Induces contractions of the uterus during labor.

2) Is responsible for the “milk let-down” reflex after childbirth

Question 4

The hypothalamus controls the secretion/production of hormones of the anterior pituitary glands through hormones called?

Answer 4

Regulatory hormones

Question 5

What are the two types of regulatory hormones that the hypothalamus releases to control the secretions of the anterior pituitary glands?

Answer 5

1) Releasing hormones (RH)

2) Inhibiting hormones (IH)

Question 6

The anterior pituitary gland contains 5 populations of cells that produce/secrete different hormones. What are these cells and hormones?

Answer 6

1) Somatotrophs:
- hGH
2) Corticotrophs:
- ACTH
3) Lactotrophs:
- Prolactin (PRL)
4) Thyrotrophs:
- TSH
5) Gonadotrophs:
- FSH (folical stimulating hormone)
- LH (luteinizing hormone)I

Question 7

Cells called somatotrophs in the anterior pituitary gland produce the hormone hGH. What is the function of hGH?

Answer 7

hGH target body cells (muscle, bone, cartilage etc.) for growth, development, maintenance, and repair.

Question 8

What are the three parts of the pituitary gland?

Answer 8

• Pars distalis (the anterior pituitary lobe)
• Pars intermedia (the middle section)
• Pars nervosa (posterior pituitary lobe)

Question 9

Cells called corticotrophs that are in the anterior pituitary produce the hormone ACTH. What are the functions of ACTH?

Answer 9

Targets two different zones of the adrenal cortex:

1) Zona reticularis: causes the release of androgens to maintain secondary sexual characteristics in both females and males.
2) Zona Fasciculata: causes the release of cortisol (which has an anti-inflammatory effect)

Question 10

Androgen is produced by both females and males, but converted into different hormones by females and males. What are they?

Answer 10

Testosterone in males and estrogen in females

(Side note: a hyper secretion of androgen in males and females causes the excess to be converted into the opposite one that is typically made. For instance if a male secretes an excess amount of androgen the excess will be converted into estrogen)

Question 11

The cells lactotrophs that are in the anterior pituitary secrete the hormone prolactin (PRL). What are the functions of this hormone?

Answer 11

Prolactin is partly responsible for mammary gland development and is responsible or milk production

Question 12

The cells thyrotrophs that are in the anterior pituitary produce the hormone TSH . What is the function of this hormone?

Answer 12

TSH stimulates follicular cells In the thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4 (which regulate metabolic rate).

Question 13

The gonadotrophs that are in the anterior pituitary secrete two hormones that target the gonads. That is FSH (folical stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone). What are the functions of these hormones?

Answer 13

• FSH:

• In males, tigers sustentacular cells and promotes spermatogenesis.
• In females, initiates follicle development in the ovaries.

•LH:

• In males, targets the Leydig cells and promotes secretion of testosterone.
• In females, an LH surge causes ovulation/promotes formation of the corpus luteum (which secrets progesterone).

Question 14

What are the three different zones of the adrenal context from lateral to medial and what do they release?

Answer 14

1) Zona reticularis -» aldosterone
2) Zona fasciculata -» cortisol
3) Zona glomerulosa -» androgens

Question 15

The Pars intermedia of the pituitary gland produces the hormone MSH (Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone). What is the function of this hormone?

Answer 15

MSH induces melanocytes to produce melanin (pigments of skin, eyes and hair).

Question 16

What are the three glands in the brain?

Answer 16

1) The Hypothalamus
2) The pituitary gland
3) The pineal gland

Question 17

What is the ruler of all the glands?

Answer 17

The hypothalamus!

Question 18

The Pineal gland contains pinealocyte cells which produce what hormone? And what is the function of this hormone?

Answer 18

The pinealocytes secrete the hormone melatonin. And the function of melatonin is regulation of day/night cycles (circadian rhymes)

Question 19

What are the two distinct populations of endocrine cells in the thyroid gland?

Answer 19

• Follicular cells

* Parafollicular (C) cells

Question 20

What is the function of the endocrine cells called follicular cells that are in the thyroid gland?

Answer 20

Follicular cells produce the hormones T3 and T4 which regulate metabolic rate of the body cells

Question 21

What is the function of the endocrine cells called parafollicular (C) cells that are in the thyroid gland?

Answer 21

C cells produce the hormone calcitonin. Calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels by targeting osteoblasts in the bones.

Question 22

The body releases more calcitonin when?

Answer 22

When an individual has an excess amount of calcium in their blood or has hypercalcemia

Question 23

When would an individual secretes more PTH (parathyroid hormone)?

Answer 23

When the individual does not have enough calcium in their blood or are hypocalcemic

Question 24

The parathyroid gland contains what type of cells?

Answer 24

Chief (Principle) cells

Question 25

What is the hormone and its function that is secreted by the Chief cells and that are within the parathyroid gland?

Answer 25

PTH (parathyroid hormone) is the hormone secreted by the chief cells and its functions is to increase blood calcium levels by targeting the osteoclasts in the bones l.