Chapter 18(3)

Question 1

What is it and what are 4 characteristics of microsatellite markers

Answer 1

used to detect genetic variation;
1. high mutation rate
2. multiple alleles at the same locus
3. highly abundant in genomes
4. forensic investigation, parentage testing

Question 2

What is a population?

Answer 2

a group of interbreeding organisms

Question 3

What is a gene pool?

Answer 3

the collection of genes and alleles found in the members of a population

Question 4

What did Godfrey Hardy show?

Answer 4

showed that with random mating and the absence of evolutionary change, allele frequencies result in a stable equilibrium frequency

Question 5

What 6 conditions/assumptions must be met in a population for it to be in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?

Answer 5

1. population must be infinitely large
2. practice random mating
3. natural selection does not operate(does not experience evolutionary change)
4. migration does not introduce new alleles
5. mutation does not introduce new alleles
6. genetic drift does not take place

Question 6

What are the 4 predictions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Answer 6

1. allele frequencies remain stable over time
2. allele distribution into genotypes is predictable
3. stable equilibrium frequencies of alleles and genotypes are maintained
4. evolutionary and nonrandom mating effects are predictable

Question 7

How do you calculate genotype frequencies?

Answer 7

using the binomial expansion
(p + q)^2

Question 8

What do the two p + q terms represent?

Answer 8

male and female contributions to mating

Question 9

How to calculate the summation of the genotype frequencies?

Answer 9

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1.0, where p^2 =
frequency of A1A1, 2pq = frequency
of A1A2, and q^2 = frequency of A2A2

Question 10

When can the square root method be used?

Answer 10

only if a population is in H-W equilibrium
-does not require that the
exact genotype of every
individual is known, e.g., it does
not require that homozygous
dominant and heterozygous
individuals be distinguished

Question 11

In square root method, how is q and p calculated?

Answer 11

the square
root of the frequency of the
homozygous recessive class,
and then p is simply calculated
as 1.0 − q

Question 12

What is genetic diversity measured as?

Answer 12

the heterozygosity: 2pq

Question 13

Is the effect of genetic drift stronger in a small or large population?

Answer 13

small

Question 14

What is differential reproductive fitness?

Answer 14

The consequence of natural selection that leads to increased reproductive success of
individuals with certain phenotypes

Question 15

What is relative fitness (w)?

Answer 15

way to quantify differential reproductive fitness where you compare the relative abilities of
population members to produce offspring

Question 16

What w value are organisms with the highest reproductive success assigned?

Answer 16

value of w = 1.0

Question 17

What proportion are the relative fitness of individuals that reproduce less successfully decreased by?

Answer 17

the selection coefficient

Question 18

What occurs during directional natural selection and what is the “goal”?

Answer 18

-one phenotype has a higher
relative fitness than other
phenotypes
-Directional selection acts to increase the frequency of the favored allele over the others

Question 19

What is balanced polymorphism?

Answer 19

when natural selection can maintain genetic diversity within a population, in which allele frequencies are maintained by selection against either homozygote

Question 20

What is the consequence of inbreeding?

Answer 20

The main genetic consequence of inbreeding will be an increase in the frequency of homozygous genotypes in a population and a decrease in the frequency of heterozygous genotypes