Chapter 18 Flashcards
A disorder of psychological function sufficiently severe to require treatment by a psychiatrist is a __________ disorder.
A) neuropsychological B) psychiatric C) neurobehavioral D) neurochemical E) degenerative
B) psychiatric
The main difficulty in diagnosing psychiatric disorders is that
A) patients suffering from the same psychiatric disorder often display different symptoms.
B) patients suffering from different psychiatric disorders often display the same symptoms.
C) dream analysis is subjective and expensive.
D) both A and B
E) both A and C
D) both A and B
About what proportion of the adult population suffers from schizophrenia?
A) 0.01% B) 0.1% C) 1% D) 12% E) 17%
C) 1%
Schizophrenia typically begins in
A) infancy. B) childhood. C) adolescence or early adulthood. D) middle age. E) old age.
C) adolescence or early adulthood.
Catatonic schizophrenic patients often experience a unique symptom when somebody moves them:
A) visual hallucinations. B) waxy flexibility. C) auditory hallucinations. D) total rigidity. E) tremors.
B) waxy flexibility.
Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
A) hallucinations B) inappropriate affect C) delusions D) incoherent speech or thought E) all of the above
E) all of the above
Hallucinations associated with schizophrenia often take the form of
A) ghostly shapes. B) religious figures. C) flashing lights. D) imaginary voices making critical comments or telling the patient what to do. E) the DSM-IV.
D) imaginary voices making critical comments or telling the patient what to do.
The symptoms of schizophrenia are often divided into two categories:
A) positive and negative. B) active and passive. C) genetic and epigenetic. D) genetic and experiential. E) anterograde and retrograde.
A) positive and negative.
The probability that a close biological relative (i.e., a parent, sibling, or child) of patient suffering from schizophrenia will also be diagnosed with schizophrenia is about
A) 1%. B) 2%. C) 10%. D) 35%. E) 55%.
C) 10%.
Studies of monozygotic and dizygotic twins suggest that schizophrenia
A) is caused entirely by genetic factors.
B) is uninfluenced by genetic factors.
C) is greatly influenced by genetic factors.
D) is a mental disorder.
E) doesn’t run in families.
C) is greatly influenced by genetic factors.
The concordance rate of schizophrenia in monozygotic twins is
A) the same as that in dizygotic twins.
B) the same as that in any two siblings.
C) slightly more than that in husbands and wives.
D) slightly more than that in pairs of unrelated individuals.
E) about 45%.
E) about 45%.
Evidence that environmental factors play a role in the etiology of schizophrenia is that the concordance rate for identical twins is
A) greater for males than for females. B) much less than 100%. C) much more than 50%. D) more than for dizygotic twins. E) greater among cocaine users.
B) much less than 100%.
Which of the following early experiential factors have been implicated in some cases of schizophrenia?
A) stress B) faulty autoimmune reactions C) infections D) exposure to toxins E) all of the above
E) all of the above
Chlorpromazine
A) is a benzodiazepine.
B) exerts an immediate antischizophrenic effect.
C) was originally developed as an antihistamine.
D) is commonly used in the treatment of depression.
E) both A and C
C) was originally developed as an antihistamine.
The first two antischizophrenic drugs were
A) Librium and chlorpromazine. B) chlorpromazine and reserpine. C) L-DOPA and reserpine. D) haloperidol and chlorpromazine. E) haloperidol and Valium.
B) chlorpromazine and reserpine.
The active ingredient of snakeroot is
A) chlorpromazine. B) reserpine. C) atropine. D) morphine. E) chlordiazepoxide.
B) reserpine.
Reserpine is not currently used in the treatment of schizophrenia because it
A) is ineffective.
B) is an antihistamine.
C) can produce a dangerous decrease in blood pressure.
D) is an anxiolytic.
E) violates the dopamine theory of schizophrenia.
C) can produce a dangerous decrease in blood pressure.
Which of the following can trigger schizophrenic episodes?
A) amphetamine B) cocaine C) snakeroot D) all of the above E) both A and B
E) both A and B
Dopamine agonist is to dopamine antagonist as
A) reserpine is to chlorpromazine. B) cocaine is to reserpine. C) reserpine is to amphetamine. D) chlorpromazine is to reserpine. E) amphetamine is to cocaine.
B) cocaine is to reserpine.
Unlike reserpine, chlorpromazine does not
A) reduce the extracellular levels of dopamine. B) increase dopamine levels. C) produce Parkinsonian side effects. D) cause dementia. E) function as a dopamine antagonist.
A) reduce the extracellular levels of dopamine.
Chlorpromazine binds to dopamine receptors without activating them, and keeps dopamine from binding to them. Accordingly, chlorpromazine is classified as a
A) receptor blocker. B) dopamine agonist. C) dopamine antagonist. D) both A and B E) both A and C
E) both A and C
Haloperidol is a potent
A) neuroleptic. B) D2 receptor ligand. C) antischizophrenic drug. D) all of the above E) both A and C
D) all of the above
Phenothiazines bind effectively to
A) D1 receptors. B) D2 receptors. C) glutamate receptors. D) all of the above E) both A and B
E) both A and B
Those phenothiazines and butyrophenones that have a great affinity for D2 receptors are potent
A) barbiturates. B) antidepressants. C) neuroleptics. D) anxiolytics. E) both B and C
C) neuroleptics.
The clinical effectiveness of typical antischizophrenic drugs is positively correlated with the degree to which they bind to
A) dopamine. B) glutamate receptors. C) D1 receptors. D) D2 receptors. E) autoreceptors.
D) D2 receptors.
An effective atypical antischizophrenic drug is
A) clozapine. B) buspirone. C) reserpine. D) chlorpromazine. E) iproniazid.
A) clozapine.
Clozapine
A) is effective against schizophrenia.
B) does not produce Parkinsonian side effects.
C) has a high affinity for D2 receptors.
D) all of the above
E) both A and B
E) both A and B
Clozapine is
A) a typical neuroleptic.
B) an atypical neuroleptic.
C) a potent D2 blocker.
D) widely used in the treatment of depression.
E) widely used in the treatment of mania.
B) an atypical neuroleptic.
Introduction of the atypical neuroleptics has been beneficial because
A) they do not produce Parkinsonian side effects.
B) patients who do not respond to typical neuroleptics sometimes respond to atypical neuroleptics.
C) they bind particularly well to D2 receptors.
D) all of the above
E) both A and B
E) both A and B
The main problem with the prescription of clozapine to treat schizophrenia is that it
A) produces a severe blood disorder in a small proportion of patients.
B) is not effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.
C) produces some of the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.
D) is not effective in the treatment of depression.
E) is an atypical neuroleptic.
A) produces a severe blood disorder in a small proportion of patients.
The fact that dopamine receptor blockers take several weeks to exert their antischizophrenic effects suggests that
A) blocking dopamine receptors triggers some slow-developing change that is the critical therapeutic effect.
B) dopamine plays no role in schizophrenia.
C) antischizophrenic drugs block dopamine receptors only after several weeks.
D) dopamine receptors play no role in schizophrenia.
E) larger doses should be used.
A) blocking dopamine receptors triggers some slow-developing change that is the critical therapeutic effect.
Structural brain-imaging studies of schizophrenic patients typically reveal
A) widespread abnormalities. B) reduced brain size. C) abnormally large cerebral ventricles. D) all of the above E) none of the above
D) all of the above
The brain damage that is observed in schizophrenic patients
A) is particularly severe in the dopaminergic structures of the brain.
B) is widespread.
C) does not usually become apparent for several years after the original diagnosis.
D) all of the above
E) both B and C
B) is widespread.
Because schizophrenia appears to be a neurodevelopmental disorder, several studies have tracked the development of brain damage in schizophrenic patients. Meta-analyses of these studies indicate that
A) extensive brain damage exists when patients first seek medical help and have their first brain scan.
B) brain damage continues to develop after the initial diagnosis.
C) damage to different areas of the brain develops at different rates.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
D) all of the above
In general, conventional neuroleptics tend to be more effective against
A) negative schizophrenic symptoms. B) positive schizophrenic symptoms. C) anhedonia. D) unipolar schizophrenic disorders. E) bipolar schizophrenic symptoms.
B) positive schizophrenic symptoms.
A major problem with the therapeutic use of neuroleptics in the treatment of schizophrenia is that they
A) help only a small proportion of patients. B) tend to act on only some symptoms. C) produce disturbing side effects. D) all of the above E) both A and C
D) all of the above
To be diagnosed as clinical depression (or major depressive disorder), the condition must
A) last more than 2 weeks. B) not involve anhedonia. C) be triggered by an obvious traumatic event. D) involve a suicide attempt. E) last less than 2 weeks.
A) last more than 2 weeks.
Many of the people who experience clinical depression also experience recurring periods of
A) schizophrenia. B) Tourette syndrome. C) mania. D) panic. E) epilepsy.
C) mania.
The __________ individual typically leaves behind a trail of unfinished projects, unpaid bills, and broken relationships.
A) schizophrenic B) neuroleptic C) chronically depressed D) manic E) catatonic
D) manic
Depression is often divided into two categories: reactive depression and __________ depression.
A) bipolar B) endogenous C) unipolar D) acute E) chronic
B) endogenous
Depressed patients who do not experience periods of mania are said to suffer from __________ affective disorders.
A) bipolar B) reactive C) unipolar D) endogenous E) seasonal
C) unipolar
About what percentage of people in Western societies suffer from clinical depression at some point in their lives?
A) 1% B) 0.1% C) 10% D) 3% E) 23%
C) 10%
The concordance rates for affective disorder are highest for
A) bipolar disorders and monozygotic twins.
B) bipolar disorders and dizygotic twins.
C) unipolar disorders and monozygotic twins.
D) unipolar disorders and dizygotic twins.
E) unipolar disorders and siblings.
A) bipolar disorders and monozygotic twins.
Evidence directly linking stress to the development of clinical depression is
A) abundant. B) rapidly accumulating. C) strong. D) all of the above E) sparse.
E) sparse.
In 1957, this drug became the first drug to be marketed as an antidepressant:
A) iproniazid. B) imipramine. C) reserpine. D) clozapine. E) lithium.
A) iproniazid.
Iproniazid is rarely prescribed for the treatment of depression because
A) it is ineffective. B) of the cheese effect. C) of the walnut effect. D) it produces rebound mania. E) of the peanut effect.
B) of the cheese effect.
Iproniazid, the first antidepressant,
A) was initially developed as an antischizophrenic drug.
B) is even more affective against mania.
C) usually produces dangerous drops in blood pressure.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
E) none of the above
MAO inhibitors are no longer used in the treatment of depression because they
A) are ineffective against depression.
B) produce dangerous decreases in respiration.
C) block MAO’s ability to break down tyramine.
D) are effective only if they are taken with iproniazid.
E) both A and B
C) block MAO’s ability to break down tyramine.
Iproniazid is to imipramine as
A) tricyclic antidepressant is to MAO inhibitor.
B) cheese is to yogurt.
C) MAO inhibitor is to tricyclic antidepressant.
D) depression is to mania.
E) mania is to depression.
C) MAO inhibitor is to tricyclic antidepressant.
The first tricyclic antidepressant to be marketed
A) was initially thought to be an MAO inhibitor.
B) was imipramine.
C) eventually proved to be even more effective against stroke.
D) all of the above
E) both A and C
B) was imipramine.
Imipramine
A) is a serotonin and norepinephrine antagonist.
B) blocks the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine.
C) blocks serotonin and norepinephrine receptors.
D) both A and B
E) both A and C
B) blocks the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine.
