Chapter 18

Question 1

What part of H. M’s brain was removed?

Answer 1

-bilateral medial-temporal-lobe and part of the hippocampus

Question 2

Varieties of amnesia

Answer 2

• infantile amnesia
• fugue state
• transient global amnesia

Question 3

What lobe is most strongly involved in memory?

Answer 3

Temporal lobe

Question 4

Define amnesia:

Answer 4

The partial or total loss of memory. Umbrella term.

Question 5

Infantile amnesia

Answer 5

We do not consciously remember our early years of life. Likely due to memory systems maturing at different rates and not being developed.

Question 6

Fugue state

Answer 6

The temporary repression of the medial temporal love memory system

Question 7

Transient global amnesia

Answer 7

Acute form of amnesia with a sudden onset and a usually a short course. Loss of old memories and inability to form new.

Question 8

Possible causes of transient global amnesia

Answer 8

Concussion, migraine, hypoglycemia, epilepsy and stroke

Question 9

What causes memory loss similar to transient global amnesia

Answer 9

Electroconvulsive therapy

Question 10

What occurs in Alzheimer’s disease?

Answer 10

Loss of neurons begins in the medial Temporal lobe (resulting in anterograde amnesia) and later damage to the temporal association areas and frontal cortex (related to retrograde amnesia)

Question 11

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 11

Inability to acquire new memories

Question 12

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 12

loss of memories that were accessible prior to surgery. Typically presurgical memory is typically much better for events earlier in life

Question 13

Time dependent retrograde amnesia

Answer 13

Severity of injury determines how far back in time the amnesia extends.

Question 14

“Islands of Memory”

Answer 14

Isolated events that are retained as memories in retrograde amnesia

Question 15

What are the three theories of Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 15

Consolidation Theory
Multiple Trace Theory
Reconsolidation Theory

Question 16

Consolidation theory

Answer 16

The role of the hippocampus is to consolidate new memories and make them permanent. Once consolidation takes place they move elsewhere in the brain. Explains why old memoris are preserved in cases of hippocampal damage

Question 17

Multiple trace theory

Answer 17

Proposes three kinds of memory:
-Autobiographical memory (personal involvement)
-Factual Semanitic
-General semanitic (unrelated to time or place)
Different types of memory because there are different areas of the brain involved in maintaining memory. Memories change with the passage of time as they are recalled

Question 18

Why are old memories preserved according to each model?

Answer 18

Consolidation Theory: stored in a different area
Multiple Trace: Recalled, reevaluated and restored more therefore stored in more forms in different locations
Reconsolidation Theory: Many different traces for the same event as it is reconsolidated

Question 19

According to Multiple trace theory what type of memory is a) language

b) Going to be on this test
c) the memory of studying at thode

Answer 19

a) General semantic
b) Factual Semantic
c) autobiographical

Question 20

Reconsolidation theory

Answer 20

Proposes that memories will rarely consist of a single trace or neural substrate. Each time a memory is used it is reconsolidated making it a new memory.

Question 21

What do all the three theories suggest contributes to the temporal gradient of retrograde amnesia

Answer 21

Either:

storage, type of memory or number of times it is used

Question 22

Where are autobiographical memories located according to Multiple trace theory?

Answer 22

Hippocampus

Question 23

Where are factual semantic memories located

Answer 23

adjacent TL structures

Question 24

What are the three different types of memory?

Answer 24

Explicit, Implicit and Emotional

Question 25

Define Explicit Memory

Answer 25

Conscious intentional, top down process of remembering fact based semantic memories and personal experiences.

Question 26

What is recall of explicit memory influence by?

Answer 26

How the info was originally processed

Question 27

Define Implicit Memory

Answer 27

Unconscious, unintentional, bottom up process of remembering. It does not actively use cognitive capacity

Question 28

Define Emotional Memory

Answer 28

Arousing, vivid and available on prompting. Relies on bottom up processing as well as top down elements. Uses parts of the brain from implicit and explicit memory

Question 29

What type of memory did H. M have trouble with?

Answer 29

Explicit not implicit. He had a normal learning curve on tasks but couldn't remember performing them

Question 30

What type of memory does priming use?

Answer 30

Implicit

Question 31

Do amnesic subjects perform well on priming tasks?

Answer 31

Yes as well as controls

Question 32

What temporal lobe test, tests implicit memory?

Answer 32

Gollin incomplete figures test. Amnesiacs don't remember previously seeing lion but name it much faster.

Question 33

What does word recall test? Word completion?

Answer 33

``` Recall = explicit Completion= implicit ```

Question 34

Depth of processing effect

Answer 34

If controls think about shape or meaning of a word explicit recall is improved but implicit is not

Question 35

Study test modality shift:

Answer 35

If shown stimuli is in one modality scores on implicit memory are reduced but those on explicit are not.

Question 36

Patients with parkinson's (Ex. J. K) have what kind of memory deficit?

Answer 36

Implicit. Can' t turn on lights

Question 37

Where is the injury in a patient that has lost self knowledge, has impairement in autonoetic awareness and is unable to "time travel" to past or future?

Answer 37

Medial or ventral frontal injury.

Question 38

K.C had damage to the medial TL resulting in . .

Answer 38

Severe amnesia and cannot recall autobiographic events.

Question 39

What do the uncinate fasciculus connect?

Answer 39

Temporal lobe to the ventral frontal cortex

Question 40

ML impairment of the right ventral FC and uncinate fasciculus resulted in . . .

Answer 40

impaired biographical memory

Question 41

Does semantic memory rely on the same structures as autobiographical memory?

Answer 41

NO many patients have impaired autobiographical memory but not Semantic. This means semantic memory does not rely on the medial-temporal-lobe-ventral-frontal-lobe memory system.

Question 42

What structures does autobiographical memory rely on?

Answer 42

medial-temporal-lobe-ventral-frontal-lobe memory system and uncinate fascilus

Question 43

Explicit memory is in the. . .

Answer 43

temporal frontal lobe. Mostly temporal structures including: | -hippocampus, rhinal cortices and prefrontal cortex

Question 44

Connections between the prefrontal and temporal cortex are made through what structure?

Answer 44

Thalamus

Question 45

Do acetylcholine, serotonin and noradrenaline systems affect memory

Answer 45

Only if both serotonin and cholinergic cells are damaged together.

Question 46

The amygdala controls what type of memory

Answer 46

emotional

Question 47

The cerrebellum is involved in . . .

Answer 47

classical conditioning

Question 48

What are the two gyri located in the hippocampus?

Answer 48

Ammon's Horn and Dentate gyrus

Question 49

Sensory cells of the hippocampus

Answer 49

Granule cells in the Dentate gyrus

Question 50

Motor cells of the hippocampus

Answer 50

Pyramidal cells in Ammon's Horn

Question 51

Where is the hippocampus?

Answer 51

limbic structure extends from the lateral neocortex of the medial TL to the midline of the brain

Question 52

What are the pyramidal cells divided into?

Answer 52

Ammon's horn pyramidal cells are divided into CA1, CA2, CA3, CA4. Differentil sensitivity to anoxia and toxins

Question 53

Perforant pathway

Answer 53

Hippocampus to posterior neocortex

Question 54

Fimbria-fornix

Answer 54

hippocampus to thalaus and frontal cortex to basal ganglia and hypothalamus - distributed system

Question 55

More hippocampal damage results in . . . | based on RB, DB - LM, WH and EP

Answer 55

More retrograde amnesia

Question 56

Complete removal of the hippocamupus results in . . . | based on VC

Answer 56

complete retrograde and anterograde amnesia

Question 57

Damage to fimbira fornix results in . . .

Answer 57

Global amnesia (similar to TL damage but not

Question 58

What does early hippocampal damage results in

Answer 58

Disabling memory losses cant remembers surroundings, where objects are usually located. Can read and fared well in education system

Question 59

Temporal stem pathway

Answer 59

connects the TL and FL

Question 60

Damage to temporal stem results in

Answer 60

amnesia

Question 61

The rhinal cortex is important for. . . . . .. where as the hippocampus is important for . . . . . .

Answer 61

Semantic knowledge | Autobiographical knowledge

Question 62

Right Temporal Lesion removal results in:

Answer 62

Impaired: - face recognition - spatial position (seen on corsi Block tapping test) - Maze learning tests - non-verbal memory

Question 63

Left Temporal Lesions result in:

Answer 63

Impaired: - word list recall - non-spatial associations - repeated digits (Hebb recurring digit test) - verbal memory

Question 64

Do lesions in the Parietal and occipital result in memory impairements?

Answer 64

Only bilateral lesions. Can result in: LTM, colour amnesia, prosopagnosia.

Question 65

What is important for encoding semantic and episodic info:

Answer 65

Left prefrontal cortex

Question 66

The Right prefrontal cortex is engaged in . . .

Answer 66

retrieval of memory info

Question 67

Six major symptoms of korsakoff's syndrom:

Answer 67

anerograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia, confabultion, meager content of conversation, lack of insight, apathy

Question 68

What is the insula important for. . .

Answer 68

accessing previous acquired memories

Question 69

Key structures in Implicit memory:

Answer 69

Neocortex, basal ganglia (caudate nucleus and putamen),

Question 70

Implicit memory system

Answer 70

Motor cortex receive projections from thalamus that connects with cerebellum and contributes to implicit memory. The basal ganglia are important for implicit memory.

Question 71

Fear conditioning is what type of memor?

Answer 71

emotional related to amygdala

Question 72

What does damage to amygdala do?

Answer 72

abolishes emotional memory but doesn't effect implicit memory

Question 73

Amygdala connections

Answer 73

with medial temporocortical structures

Question 74

Short term memory:

Answer 74

also called working memory. Refers to the neural record of recent events. Deficits result from damage to the polymodal sensory areas of the posterior parietal cortex and posterior temporal cortex

Question 75

Proposed model for two STM systems

Answer 75

spatial and object

Question 76

The extraordinary abilities of savants may be explained by

Answer 76

idea of multiple memory systems

Question 77

Inability to recall the temporary location of stimulus

Answer 77

Frontal lobe deficit

Question 78

Deficits: a) Object recognition b) Recency

Answer 78

a) LTL removal | b) Both but L was worse