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Psych 2NF3 Exam > Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Flashcards

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1
Q

What part of H. M’s brain was removed?

A

-bilateral medial-temporal-lobe and part of the hippocampus

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2
Q

Varieties of amnesia

A
  • infantile amnesia
  • fugue state
  • transient global amnesia
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3
Q

What lobe is most strongly involved in memory?

A

Temporal lobe

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4
Q

Define amnesia:

A

The partial or total loss of memory. Umbrella term.

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5
Q

Infantile amnesia

A

We do not consciously remember our early years of life. Likely due to memory systems maturing at different rates and not being developed.

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6
Q

Fugue state

A

The temporary repression of the medial temporal love memory system

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7
Q

Transient global amnesia

A

Acute form of amnesia with a sudden onset and a usually a short course. Loss of old memories and inability to form new.

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8
Q

Possible causes of transient global amnesia

A

Concussion, migraine, hypoglycemia, epilepsy and stroke

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9
Q

What causes memory loss similar to transient global amnesia

A

Electroconvulsive therapy

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10
Q

What occurs in Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Loss of neurons begins in the medial Temporal lobe (resulting in anterograde amnesia) and later damage to the temporal association areas and frontal cortex (related to retrograde amnesia)

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11
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Inability to acquire new memories

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12
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

loss of memories that were accessible prior to surgery. Typically presurgical memory is typically much better for events earlier in life

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13
Q

Time dependent retrograde amnesia

A

Severity of injury determines how far back in time the amnesia extends.

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14
Q

“Islands of Memory”

A

Isolated events that are retained as memories in retrograde amnesia

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15
Q

What are the three theories of Retrograde Amnesia

A

Consolidation Theory
Multiple Trace Theory
Reconsolidation Theory

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16
Q

Consolidation theory

A

The role of the hippocampus is to consolidate new memories and make them permanent. Once consolidation takes place they move elsewhere in the brain. Explains why old memoris are preserved in cases of hippocampal damage

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17
Q

Multiple trace theory

A

Proposes three kinds of memory:
-Autobiographical memory (personal involvement)
-Factual Semanitic
-General semanitic (unrelated to time or place)
Different types of memory because there are different areas of the brain involved in maintaining memory. Memories change with the passage of time as they are recalled

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18
Q

Why are old memories preserved according to each model?

A

Consolidation Theory: stored in a different area
Multiple Trace: Recalled, reevaluated and restored more therefore stored in more forms in different locations
Reconsolidation Theory: Many different traces for the same event as it is reconsolidated

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19
Q

According to Multiple trace theory what type of memory is a) language

b) Going to be on this test
c) the memory of studying at thode

A

a) General semantic
b) Factual Semantic
c) autobiographical

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20
Q

Reconsolidation theory

A

Proposes that memories will rarely consist of a single trace or neural substrate. Each time a memory is used it is reconsolidated making it a new memory.

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21
Q

What do all the three theories suggest contributes to the temporal gradient of retrograde amnesia

A

Either:

storage, type of memory or number of times it is used

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22
Q

Where are autobiographical memories located according to Multiple trace theory?

A

Hippocampus

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23
Q

Where are factual semantic memories located

A

adjacent TL structures

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24
Q

What are the three different types of memory?

A

Explicit, Implicit and Emotional

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25
Q

Define Explicit Memory

A

Conscious intentional, top down process of remembering fact based semantic memories and personal experiences.

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26
Q

What is recall of explicit memory influence by?

A

How the info was originally processed

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27
Q

Define Implicit Memory

A

Unconscious, unintentional, bottom up process of remembering. It does not actively use cognitive capacity

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28
Q

Define Emotional Memory

A

Arousing, vivid and available on prompting. Relies on bottom up processing as well as top down elements. Uses parts of the brain from implicit and explicit memory

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29
Q

What type of memory did H. M have trouble with?

A

Explicit not implicit. He had a normal learning curve on tasks but couldn’t remember performing them

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30
Q

What type of memory does priming use?

A

Implicit

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31
Q

Do amnesic subjects perform well on priming tasks?

A

Yes as well as controls

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32
Q

What temporal lobe test, tests implicit memory?

A

Gollin incomplete figures test. Amnesiacs don’t remember previously seeing lion but name it much faster.

33
Q

What does word recall test? Word completion?

A 
Recall = explicit
Completion= implicit
34
Q

Depth of processing effect

A

If controls think about shape or meaning of a word explicit recall is improved but implicit is not

35
Q

Study test modality shift:

A

If shown stimuli is in one modality scores on implicit memory are reduced but those on explicit are not.

36
Q

Patients with parkinson’s (Ex. J. K) have what kind of memory deficit?

A

Implicit. Can’ t turn on lights

37
Q

Where is the injury in a patient that has lost self knowledge, has impairement in autonoetic awareness and is unable to “time travel” to past or future?

A

Medial or ventral frontal injury.

38
Q

K.C had damage to the medial TL resulting in . .

A

Severe amnesia and cannot recall autobiographic events.

39
Q

What do the uncinate fasciculus connect?

A

Temporal lobe to the ventral frontal cortex

40
Q

ML impairment of the right ventral FC and uncinate fasciculus resulted in . . .

A

impaired biographical memory

41
Q

Does semantic memory rely on the same structures as autobiographical memory?

A

NO many patients have impaired autobiographical memory but not Semantic. This means semantic memory does not rely on the medial-temporal-lobe-ventral-frontal-lobe memory system.

42
Q

What structures does autobiographical memory rely on?

A

medial-temporal-lobe-ventral-frontal-lobe memory system and uncinate fascilus

43
Q

Explicit memory is in the. . .

A

temporal frontal lobe. Mostly temporal structures including:

-hippocampus, rhinal cortices and prefrontal cortex

44
Q

Connections between the prefrontal and temporal cortex are made through what structure?

A

Thalamus

45
Q

Do acetylcholine, serotonin and noradrenaline systems affect memory

A

Only if both serotonin and cholinergic cells are damaged together.

46
Q

The amygdala controls what type of memory

A

emotional

47
Q

The cerrebellum is involved in . . .

A

classical conditioning

48
Q

What are the two gyri located in the hippocampus?

A

Ammon’s Horn and Dentate gyrus

49
Q

Sensory cells of the hippocampus

A

Granule cells in the Dentate gyrus

50
Q

Motor cells of the hippocampus

A

Pyramidal cells in Ammon’s Horn

51
Q

Where is the hippocampus?

A

limbic structure extends from the lateral neocortex of the medial TL to the midline of the brain

52
Q

What are the pyramidal cells divided into?

A

Ammon’s horn pyramidal cells are divided into CA1, CA2, CA3, CA4. Differentil sensitivity to anoxia and toxins

53
Q

Perforant pathway

A

Hippocampus to posterior neocortex

54
Q

Fimbria-fornix

A

hippocampus to thalaus and frontal cortex to basal ganglia and hypothalamus
- distributed system

55
Q

More hippocampal damage results in . . .

based on RB, DB - LM, WH and EP

A

More retrograde amnesia

56
Q

Complete removal of the hippocamupus results in . . .

based on VC

A

complete retrograde and anterograde amnesia

57
Q

Damage to fimbira fornix results in . . .

A

Global amnesia (similar to TL damage but not

58
Q

What does early hippocampal damage results in

A

Disabling memory losses cant remembers surroundings, where objects are usually located. Can read and fared well in education system

59
Q

Temporal stem pathway

A

connects the TL and FL

60
Q

Damage to temporal stem results in

A

amnesia

61
Q

The rhinal cortex is important for. . . . . .. where as the hippocampus is important for . . . . . .

A

Semantic knowledge

Autobiographical knowledge

62
Q

Right Temporal Lesion removal results in:

A

Impaired:

  • face recognition
  • spatial position (seen on corsi Block tapping test)
  • Maze learning tests
  • non-verbal memory
63
Q

Left Temporal Lesions result in:

A

Impaired:

  • word list recall
  • non-spatial associations
  • repeated digits (Hebb recurring digit test)
  • verbal memory
64
Q

Do lesions in the Parietal and occipital result in memory impairements?

A

Only bilateral lesions. Can result in: LTM, colour amnesia, prosopagnosia.

65
Q

What is important for encoding semantic and episodic info:

A

Left prefrontal cortex

66
Q

The Right prefrontal cortex is engaged in . . .

A

retrieval of memory info

67
Q

Six major symptoms of korsakoff’s syndrom:

A

anerograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia, confabultion, meager content of conversation, lack of insight, apathy

68
Q

What is the insula important for. . .

A

accessing previous acquired memories

69
Q

Key structures in Implicit memory:

A

Neocortex, basal ganglia (caudate nucleus and putamen),

70
Q

Implicit memory system

A

Motor cortex receive projections from thalamus that connects with cerebellum and contributes to implicit memory.
The basal ganglia are important for implicit memory.

71
Q

Fear conditioning is what type of memor?

A

emotional related to amygdala

72
Q

What does damage to amygdala do?

A

abolishes emotional memory but doesn’t effect implicit memory

73
Q

Amygdala connections

A

with medial temporocortical structures

74
Q

Short term memory:

A

also called working memory. Refers to the neural record of recent events.
Deficits result from damage to the polymodal sensory areas of the posterior parietal cortex and posterior temporal cortex

75
Q

Proposed model for two STM systems

A

spatial and object

76
Q

The extraordinary abilities of savants may be explained by

A

idea of multiple memory systems

77
Q

Inability to recall the temporary location of stimulus

A

Frontal lobe deficit

78
Q

Deficits:

a) Object recognition
b) Recency

A

a) LTL removal

b) Both but L was worse

Psych 2NF3 Exam (1 decks)

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