Chapter 18

Question 1

Endocrine System

Answer 1

oordinates the function of body systems, along with the nervous system

Question 2

Exocrine gland

Answer 2

discharge secretions (usually enzymes), viaducts, on to
epithelial surfaces, usually for digestion and lubrication

Question 3

Endocrine gland

Answer 3

discharge secretions (hormones) into interstitial fluid (the
hormones then diffuse into the blood), for regulation of metabolism

Question 4

Hormones

Answer 4

chemical messengers, produced in small amounts, transported in the
blood, then interact with specific cells, to stimulate physiologic changes

Question 5

Target cell

Answer 5

cell that contains specific receptor sites for a specific hormone
(each hormone has a specific shape that matches the contour of the
receptor site)

Question 6

Paracrine hormone

Answer 6

a type of local hormone that is secreted by cell(s), then
diffuse to nearby cells/tissues to stimulate physiological changes

Question 7

True endocrine hormones

Answer 7

(in contrast to local hormones)travel away from
the site of release to stimulate other tissues.

Question 8

Autocrine hormone

Answer 8

a type of local hormone that is secreted by cell(s), then
interact with receptors on the cell that release the hormone, to
simulate physiologic changes

Question 9

Up-Regulation

Answer 9

when a cell increases the number of hormones
receptors becoming more sensitive to stimulation

Question 10

Down-Regulation

Answer 10

when a cell reduces the number of receptors, becoming less
sensitive to stimulation

Question 11

Synergistic effect

Answer 11

when two or more hormones(or any chemical)act together to
produce a greater effect than an individual hormone

Question 12

Permissive effect

Answer 12

one hormone enhances the target cells response to a second
hormone that is secreted later

Question 13

Antagonistic effect

Answer 13

when one hormone opposes the action of another hormone

Question 14

Hydrophobic hormones are transported by various proteins in the blood.
ex. Albumins, Globulins

Answer 14

a. These hormones diffuse through the plasma membrane.
b. Once inside the cell, the hormone interacts with specific receptor
sites, this usually initiates transcription(initiating the process
to make new proteins)
c. The new proteins create a physiologic change.

Question 15

Water soluble hormone (ex. amines, peptides and eicosanoids)

Answer 15

a. The hormone interacts with the receptor site on the outer surface of
the plasma membrane. The hormone is referred to as the Primary
Messenger.
b. The signal is relayed to the inner surface of the plasma membrane
(often via a G-protein).
c. The signal activates the enzyme Adenylate Cyclase.
d. Adenylate Cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP). cAMP is
referred to as the Secondary Messenger.
e. cAMP activates enzymes (usually kinases)that activate physiologic
changes in the cell
f. cAMP is deactivated by Phosphodiesterase

Question 16

Hypothalamus

Answer 16

• the primary control center for the Autonomic Nervous System
• the integrating link between the CNS and Endocrine systems
• controls the release of Anterior Pituitary Gland (Adenohypophysis)
  hormones
• produces the Posterior Pituitary Gland (Neurohypophysis)hormones
• attached to the Pituitary Gland by the Infundibulum

Question 17

Anterior Pituitary Gland
- produces FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, Prolactin and GH

Answer 17

rowth Hormone (GH)
- has wide spread effects on the body
- results of GH release (these cause the production of Insulin-like
Growth factors [IGFs] certain tissues, ie. Liver, Skeletal muscle,
bone, etc….):
(1) increases cellular uptake of amino acids, and protein
synthesis
(2) increases lipid catabolism - breaks down triglycerides to
produce energy
(3) increases glucose utilization
(4) stimulated Kidneys to resorb electrolytes
- overall GH increases bone and muscle growth

Question 18

Anterior Pituitary Gland Disorders Giantism

Answer 18

overproduction of growth hormone prior to the closure
of growth plates

Question 19

Anterior Pituitary Gland Disorders Dwarfism

Answer 19

underproduction of growth hormone

Question 20

Anterior Pituitary Gland Disorders Acromegaly

Answer 20

overproduction of growth hormone after the closure of
the major growth plates

Question 21

lies below the Larynx, covering the anterior and lateral Trachea
- has two lateral lobes connected by the isthmus

Answer 21

Thyroid Gland

Question 22

• contains Follicular cells which produce two key hormones, T3
  (Triiodothyronine) and T4 (Thyroxine). These hormones
  require iodine and tyrosine for their production.

Answer 22

Thyroid Gland

Question 23

also contains Parafollicular cells which produce calcitonin (see bone
metabolism)
- actions of T3 and T4

Answer 23

Thyroid Gland

Question 24

increases oxygen use for cells which increases ATP production
(increases BMR)

Answer 24

Thyroid Gland

Question 25

stimulation synthesis of ATPase Pumps, the increased use of ATP
leaks to an increase in heat production (i.e. Calorigenic Effect)

Answer 25

Thyroid Gland

Question 26

increases the heart rate and force of contraction

Answer 26

Thyroid Gland

Question 27

stimulates glucose and triglyceride breakdown to produce ATP
e. accelerates growth (along with GH and Insulin

Answer 27

Thyroid Gland

Question 28

Cretinism = hyposecretion of T3 and T4 at birth

Answer 28

infant has cool, yellowish skin
- thick tongue
- if untreated, this can lead to mental retardation

Question 29

Graves Disease

Answer 29

Hypersecretion
- autoimmune disorder in which antibodies are produced that mimic
the action of TSH, over-stimulating the production of T3 and T4
- signs include an enlarged Thyroid gland (goiter), exophthalmos
(bulging eyes), increased activity

Question 30

Pancreas

Answer 30

a retroperitoneal organ that lies behind the Stomach
- contains several clusters of cells known as Pancreatic Islets (of
Langerhans) that produce endocrine hormones. These clusters make up
approximately two percent of the cells in the Pancreas.

Question 31

Pancreas hormones

Answer 31

a. Insulin - produced by Beta cells
- stimulates cells to absorb glucose and amino acids, also
stimulates glycogen synthesis
b. Glucagon - produced by Alpha cell
- stimulates the breakdown of glycogen and triglycerides
which increases the blood glucose level

Question 32

Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 32

the hyposecretion (or the production of inactive)Insulin
- i.e. the inability to produce or use Insulin)
- Classic Signs:
Polyuria - excessive urination
Polydipsia - excessive thirst
Polyphagia - excessive hunger
- also hyperglycemia, glucosuria, ketonuria

Question 33

General Adaptive System (GAS) (The Stress Response)
Stressor = any stimulus that produces the Stress Response
Part 1 …..

Answer 33

1. Alarm Reaction
   a. Heart rate and contraction strength increased
   b. Vessels of the skin and viscera constrict (to hunt blood to the
   brain and muscles).
   c. The Spleen contracts to discharge blood.
   d. The Liver breaks down glycogen to glucose, for energy.
   e. Respiration increases.
   f. Decreased digestive tract activity
   g. Stress hormones are released from the Adrenal Medulla.

Question 34

General Adaptive System (GAS) (The Stress Response)
Stressor = any stimulus that produces the Stress Response
Part 2 …..

Answer 34

Resistance Reaction
- the body’s long term reaction to stress
a. The Adrenal Cortex is stimulated. Glucose production is stimulated.
b. Wound healing is slowed.
c. Increased catabolism.
d. Sodium retention increases, along with retention of water. (The
current text associates this activity with the Alarm Reaction.)
e. Blood chemistry appears normal.

Question 35

General Adaptive System (GAS) (The Stress Response)
Stressor = any stimulus that produces the Stress Response
Part 3 …..

Answer 35

Exhaustion
- depletion of body reserves
a. Muscle wasting
b. Rapid degeneration in all body systems. eg. Decreased immune
response, ulceration of the GI Tract, and failure of Pancreatic Beta
Cells
c. Can lead to many chronic degenerative diseases._