Chapter 18

Question 1

____ is the study of blood moving through the circulatory system.

Answer 1

Hemodynamics

Question 2

____ indicates the volume of blood moving during a particular time.

Answer 2

Flow

Question 3

The units for flow are:

Answer 3

liters/min, ml/sec

Question 4

____ indicates the speed of a fluid moving from one location to another.

Answer 4

Velocity

Question 5

The units for velocity are:

Answer 5

cm/sec, m/min

Question 6

The three forms of flow are:

Answer 6

• Pulsatile
• Phasic
• Steady

Question 7

____ flow occurs when blood moves with a variable velocity. Blood accelerates and decelerates from cardiac contraction. Common in arterial circulation.

Answer 7

Pulsatile

Question 8

____ flow occurs when blood moves with a variable velocity. Blood accelerates and decelerates from respiration. Common in venous circulation.

Answer 8

Phasic

Question 9

____ flow occurs when a fluid moves at a constant speed or velocity. Common in venous circulation when individuals stop breathing for a moment.

Answer 9

Steady

Question 10

____ flow is characterized by layers of blood moving parallel to each other. Commonly found in normal physiologic states.

Answer 10

Laminar

Question 11

Two forms of laminar flow are____ flow and ____ flow.

Answer 11

Plug and parabolic

Question 12

In ____ flow, all the layers of blood travel at the same velocity.

Answer 12

Plug

Question 13

In ____ flow, velocity of blood is highest in the center and decreases to the walls. Bullet shaped profile.

Answer 13

Parabolic

Question 14

Reynolds number predicts whether flow is ____ or ____.

Answer 14

Laminar or turbulent

Question 15

The Reynold’s number for laminar flow is < ____.

Answer 15

< 1500

Question 16

The Reynold’s number for turbulent flow is > ____.

Answer 16

> 2000

Question 17

____ flow is chaotic flow patterns moving at different speeds in many directions. Eddy currents or a vortex. Often found beyond a significant stenosis in a vessel.

Answer 17

Turbulent

Question 18

Murmur or bruit are sounds associated with ____.

Answer 18

Turbulence

Question 19

A ____ is a tissue vibration associated with turbulence.

Answer 19

Thrill

Question 20

____ ____ is the total fluid energy at one location differs from the total fluid energy at a different location.

Answer 20

Energy gradient

Question 21

Blood flows because of an ____ gradient.

Answer 21

Energy

Question 22

____ energy is movement.

Answer 22

Kinetic

Question 23

____ energy is a form of stored or potential energy. It has the ability to perform work.

Answer 23

Pressure

Question 24

____ energy is a form of stored or potential energy. It has the ability to perform work

Answer 24

Gravitational

Question 25

Kinetic energy is determined by what two factors?

Answer 25

- An object’s mass - The speed at which it moves

Question 26

____ is a major form of energy for circulating blood.

Answer 26

Pressure

Question 27

As blood flow through the circulation, energy is lost in three ways:

Answer 27

- Viscous loss - Frictional loss - Inertial loss

Question 28

____ describes the thickness of a fluid.

Answer 28

Viscosity

Question 29

What is the unit for viscosity?

Answer 29

Units: Poise

Question 30

____ the percentage of red blood cells in blood.

Answer 30

Hematocrit

Question 31

The normal hematocrit value is about ____%.

Answer 31

45%

Question 32

____ energy loss occurs when flow energy is converted to heat as one object rubs against another.

Answer 32

Frictional

Question 33

____ energy loss occurs when the speed of a fluid changes (either faster or slower).

Answer 33

Inertial

Question 34

A ____ is a narrowing in the lumen of a vessel.

Answer 34

Stenosis

Question 35

____ ____ describes the relationship between velocity and pressure in a moving fluid.

Answer 35

Bournoulli’s principle

Question 36

What is the equation for pressure gradient?

Answer 36

Pressure gradient = flow x resistance

Question 37

____ ____ states that the movement of fluid through a tube and the movement of electricity through a wire are similar.

Answer 37

Ohm’s law

Question 38

Resistance is determined by:

Answer 38

- Diameter – vasoconstriction/vasodilation - Distance – length of vessel - Viscosity – thickness of blood - Friction – loss of energy as blood moves - Inertia – push from heart/muscle - Elasticity – expansion of vessel wall

Question 39

____ are thin walled and collapsible.

Answer 39

Veins

Question 40

During normal function, veins have ____ pressure and are only partially filled with blood.

Answer 40

Low

Question 41

____ pressure is the pressure that determines the shape and volume of veins.

Answer 41

Transmural

Question 42

____ pressure is related to the weight of blood pressing on a vessel, measured at a height above or below heart level.

Answer 42

Hydrostatic

Question 43

What is the hydrostatic pressure at the top of the head?

Answer 43

-30 mmHg

Question 44

What is the hydrostatic pressure at mid chest?

Answer 44

0 mmHg

Question 45

What is the hydrostatic pressure at the the waist?

Answer 45

50 mmHg

Question 46

What is the hydrostatic pressure at the knee?

Answer 46

75 mmHg

Question 47

What is the hydrostatic pressure at the ankle?

Answer 47

100 mmHg

Question 48

Blood pressure is determined by the ____ and the ____.

Answer 48

Volume of flow and the resistance to flow

Question 49

During ____, the diaphragm moves down and creates a negative pressure in the chest.

Answer 49

Inspiration

Question 50

During ____ the diaphragm moves up and increases pressure in the chest.

Answer 50

Expiration

Question 51

What shape is a vein during normal function?

Answer 51

Hourglass