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Ultrasound Physics > Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Flashcards

Hemodynamics

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1
Q

____ is the study of blood moving through the circulatory system.

A

Hemodynamics

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2
Q

____ indicates the volume of blood moving during a particular time.

A

Flow

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3
Q

The units for flow are:

A

liters/min, ml/sec

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4
Q

____ indicates the speed of a fluid moving from one location to another.

A

Velocity

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5
Q

The units for velocity are:

A

cm/sec, m/min

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6
Q

The three forms of flow are:

A
  • Pulsatile
  • Phasic
  • Steady
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7
Q

____ flow occurs when blood moves with a variable velocity. Blood accelerates and decelerates from cardiac contraction. Common in arterial circulation.

A

Pulsatile

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8
Q

____ flow occurs when blood moves with a variable velocity. Blood accelerates and decelerates from respiration. Common in venous circulation.

A

Phasic

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9
Q

____ flow occurs when a fluid moves at a constant speed or velocity. Common in venous circulation when individuals stop breathing for a moment.

A

Steady

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10
Q

____ flow is characterized by layers of blood moving parallel to each other. Commonly found in normal physiologic states.

A

Laminar

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11
Q

Two forms of laminar flow are____ flow and ____ flow.

A

Plug and parabolic

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12
Q

In ____ flow, all the layers of blood travel at the same velocity.

A

Plug

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13
Q

In ____ flow, velocity of blood is highest in the center and decreases to the walls. Bullet shaped profile.

A

Parabolic

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14
Q

Reynolds number predicts whether flow is ____ or ____.

A

Laminar or turbulent

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15
Q

The Reynold’s number for laminar flow is < ____.

A

< 1500

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16
Q

The Reynold’s number for turbulent flow is > ____.

A

> 2000

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17
Q

____ flow is chaotic flow patterns moving at different speeds in many directions. Eddy currents or a vortex. Often found beyond a significant stenosis in a vessel.

A

Turbulent

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18
Q

Murmur or bruit are sounds associated with ____.

A

Turbulence

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19
Q

A ____ is a tissue vibration associated with turbulence.

A

Thrill

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20
Q

____ ____ is the total fluid energy at one location differs from the total fluid energy at a different location.

A

Energy gradient

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21
Q

Blood flows because of an ____ gradient.

A

Energy

22
Q

____ energy is movement.

A

Kinetic

23
Q

____ energy is a form of stored or potential energy. It has the ability to perform work.

A

Pressure

24
Q

____ energy is a form of stored or potential energy. It has the ability to perform work

A

Gravitational

25
Q

Kinetic energy is determined by what two factors?

A
  • An object’s mass
  • The speed at which it moves
26
Q

____ is a major form of energy for circulating blood.

A

Pressure

27
Q

As blood flow through the circulation, energy is lost in three ways:

A
  • Viscous loss
  • Frictional loss
  • Inertial loss
28
Q

____ describes the thickness of a fluid.

A

Viscosity

29
Q

What is the unit for viscosity?

A

Units: Poise

30
Q

____ the percentage of red blood cells in blood.

A

Hematocrit

31
Q

The normal hematocrit value is about ____%.

A

45%

32
Q

____ energy loss occurs when flow energy is converted to heat as one object rubs against another.

A

Frictional

33
Q

____ energy loss occurs when the speed of a fluid changes (either faster or slower).

A

Inertial

34
Q

A ____ is a narrowing in the lumen of a vessel.

A

Stenosis

35
Q

____ ____ describes the relationship between velocity and pressure in a moving fluid.

A

Bournoulli’s principle

36
Q

What is the equation for pressure gradient?

A

Pressure gradient = flow x resistance

37
Q

____ ____ states that the movement of fluid through a tube and the movement of electricity through a wire are similar.

A

Ohm’s law

38
Q

Resistance is determined by:

A
  • Diameter – vasoconstriction/vasodilation
  • Distance – length of vessel
  • Viscosity – thickness of blood
  • Friction – loss of energy as blood moves
  • Inertia – push from heart/muscle
  • Elasticity – expansion of vessel wall
39
Q

____ are thin walled and collapsible.

A

Veins

40
Q

During normal function, veins have ____ pressure and are only partially filled with blood.

A

Low

41
Q

____ pressure is the pressure that determines the shape and volume of veins.

A

Transmural

42
Q

____ pressure is related to the weight of blood pressing on a vessel, measured at a height above or below heart level.

A

Hydrostatic

43
Q

What is the hydrostatic pressure at the top of the head?

A

-30 mmHg

44
Q

What is the hydrostatic pressure at mid chest?

A

0 mmHg

45
Q

What is the hydrostatic pressure at the the waist?

A

50 mmHg

46
Q

What is the hydrostatic pressure at the knee?

A

75 mmHg

47
Q

What is the hydrostatic pressure at the ankle?

A

100 mmHg

48
Q

Blood pressure is determined by the ____ and the ____.

A

Volume of flow and the resistance to flow

49
Q

During ____, the diaphragm moves down and creates a negative pressure in the chest.

A

Inspiration

50
Q

During ____ the diaphragm moves up and increases pressure in the chest.

A

Expiration

51
Q

What shape is a vein during normal function?

A

Hourglass

Ultrasound Physics (11 decks)

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