Chapter 18

Question 1

Biogeography

Answer 1

the study of variation in species composition and diversity among geographic locations

Question 2

Environmental conditions are

Answer 2

important regulators of species distributions

Question 3

Endemic

Answer 3

when a species occurs nowhere else on earth

Question 4

Species richness and composition vary with latitude

Answer 4

Lower tropical latitiudes have more and different species than higher temperate and polar latitudes

Question 5

Spatial scales are connected hierarchal way

Answer 5

Global, regional, local

Question 6

Global scale

Answer 6

Contain most variations with changes in latitude and longitude, species are isolated by long distances, differences in speciation, extinction, and dispersal rates

Question 7

Regional scale

Answer 7

has smaller geographic areas where climate is roughly uniform and where species are restricted by dispersal limitation

Question 8

Regional species pool or gamma diversity

Answer 8

encompasses all species contained within a region

Question 9

Regional biogeography is related in two ways

Answer 9

Local scale, and beta diversity

Question 10

Local Scale

Answer 10

Is equivalent to a community and
describes suitability of biotic and abiotic factors for species

Question 11

Beta diversity

Answer 11

tells the change in species diversity and composition or the turnover of species as one moves from a community type to another across the landscape

Question 12

Relationship 1 Local Species Richness

Answer 12

Local species richness and regional species richness are equal, then all species will be found in communities of that region (slope=1)

Question 13

Relationship 2 Local Species Richness

Answer 13

Local species is simply proportional to regional species richness (local species richness increases with regional species richness but is not 1:1)

Question 14

Relationship 3 Local Species Richness

Answer 14

Local species richness levels off despite increase in regional species pool, local process limits social species richness (limitation)

Question 15

alpha diversity vs beta diversity

Answer 15

Alpha diversity measures the species physiology and interactions, while beta diversity measures the change in species diversity and composition across different communities

Question 16

Witman’s studies of marine invertebrate communities demonstrated that

Answer 16

local species richness is determined largely, but not completely, by regional species pools.

Question 17

2 reasons why local processes are not unimportant for determining local species richness

Answer 17

Local processes can be attributed to unexplained variation among local communities and species interactions are sensitive to the spatial scale chosen.

Question 18

Alfred Russel Wallace

Answer 18

was the father of biogeography,
he co-discovered natural selection, studying species distributions across large spatial scales and
discovered mammals in Philippines were similar to those in Africa rather than the ones nearby

Question 19

What pattern does the gradient depict in terms of species diversity across Earth’s land masses?

Answer 19

The gradient shows that species diversity is highest in the tropics and decreases toward the poles.

Question 20

What are the three major types of boundaries between tectonic plates?

Answer 20

The three major types of boundaries are mid-ocean ridges, subduction zones, and faults.

Question 21

How many biogeographic regions are there, and what do they correlate with

Answer 21

There are 6 biogeographic regions, each correlating with specific tectonic plates.

Question 22

What is continental drift

Answer 22

How scientists hypothesized that the continents drifted over Earth’s surface.

Question 23

mid-ocean ridge

Answer 23

a chain of underwater mountains formed by seafloor spreading at divergent plate boundaries.

Question 24

subduction zone

Answer 24

One plate is forced down under another plate, this area has lots of earthquakes, volcanic activity, and mountain range formations.

Question 25

Fault

Answer 25

Two plates slide slideways past each other

Question 26

Consequences of Pangaea

Answer 26

Some places have different fauna and flora, some species separated and migrated while others stayed, and some species went extinct.

Question 27

Vicariance

Answer 27

the evolutionary separation of species due to barriers such as those formed by continental drift

Question 28

What pattern is observed in terms of diversity with latitude?

Answer 28

Negative relationships are more common, with diversity decreasing toward the poles.

Question 29

Biodiversity hot spot

Answer 29

areas of high species richness

Question 30

Where do seabirds have the highest diversity?

Answer 30

at temperate and polar latitudes

Question 31

The hypothesis of higher diversification in the tropics

Answer 31

There are higher land areas in the tropics with a similar temperature year-round

Question 32

What did Rosenweig suggest?

Answer 32

constant temperature and large land area cause less extinction rates and increase speciation rates.

Question 33

What did Wallace suggest about tropical regions

Answer 33

are climatically stable over time, and as a result could have longer evolutionary histories compared to places with severe climate conditions

Question 34

Species-area relationship

Answer 34

species richness increases as the area sampled increases

Question 35

Island biogeography

Answer 35

the biodiversity and number of species inhabiting an island is impacted by the island's land size and degree of isolation

Question 36

In 1969, E.O. Wilson and Daniel Simberloff

Answer 36

conducted an experiment employing mangrove islets in the Florida Keys. They surveyed a series of islands of differing sizes and distances from shore, concentrating on the arthropod fauna found on the islands.

Question 37

Dan Simberloff and his Ph.D. advisor, E.O. Wilson, used insecticide to defaunate (kill all the insects ) of mangrove islands in the Florida Keys and found that

Answer 37

re-colonization of the islands by insects occurred more quickly among islands near undisturbed source populations (farther from mainland).