Chapter 18

Question 1

Diffuse axonal injuries (DAIs) of the brain often result in____

Answer 1

Reduced levels of consciousness

Question 2

What event is most likely to occur to the brain in a classic cerebral concussion?

Answer 2

Brief period of vital sign instability

Question 3

Which disorder has clinical manifestations that include decreased consciousness for up to 6 hours, as well as retrograde and posttraumatic amnesia?

Answer 3

Classic concussion

Question 4

What group is most at risk of spinal cord injury from minor trauma?

Answer 4

Older adults

Question 5

The edema of the upper cervical cord after spinal cord injury is considered life threatening because of which possible outcome?

Answer 5

Breathing difficulties from an impairment to the diaphragm.

Question 6

What indicates that spinal shock is terminating?

Answer 6

Reflex emptying of the bladder.

Question 7

What term is used to describe the complication that can result from a spinal cord injury above T6 that is producing paroxysmal hypertension, as well as piloerection and sweating above the spinal cord lesion?

Answer 7

Autonomic hyperreflexia

Question 8

Why does a person who has a spinal cord injury experience faulty control of sweating?

Answer 8

The hypothalamus is unable to regulate body heat as a result of damage to the SNS

Question 9

Autonomic hyperreflexia-induced bradycardia is a result of stimulation of the_______

Answer 9

Carotid sinus to the vagus nerve to the SA node

Question 10

A herniation of which disk will likely result in motor and sensory changes of the lateral lower legs and soles of the feet?

Answer 10

L5-S1

Question 11

Which condition poses the highest risk for a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?

Answer 11

Hypertension

Question 12

A right hemisphere embolic CVA has resulted in left-sided paralysis and reduced sensation of the left foot and leg. Which cerebral artery is most likely affected by the emboli?

Answer 12

Anterior cerebral artery.

Question 13

Atrial fibrillation, rheumatic heart disease, and valvular prosthetics are risk factors for which type of stroke?

Answer 13

Embolic

Question 14

Microinfarcts resulting in pure motor or pure sensory deficits are the result of which type of stroke?

Answer 14

Lacunar

Question 15

Which vascular malformation is characterized by arteries that feed directly into veins through vascular tangles of abnormal vessels?

Answer 15

Arteriovenous malformation

Question 16

Which clinical finding is considered a diagnostic indicator for an arteriovenous malformation (AVM)?

Answer 16

Systolic Bruit

Question 17

Which cerebral vascular hemorrhage causes meningeal irritation, photophobia, and positive Kernig and Brudzinski signs?

Answer 17

Subarachnoid

Question 18

In adults, most intracranial tumors are located:

Answer 18

Infratentorially

Question 19

In children, most intracranial tumors are located

Answer 19

Supratentorially

Question 20

The most common primary central nervous system (CNS) tumor is the:

Answer 20

Astrocytoma

Question 21

Meningiomas characteristically compress from___

Answer 21

Outside the spinal cord

Question 22

What is the central component of the pathogenic model of multiple sclerosis?

Answer 22

Demyelination of the nerve fibers in the CNS

Question 23

A blunt force injury to the forehead would result in a coup injury to which region of the brain?

Answer 23

Frontal

Question 24

A blunt force injury to the forehead would result in a contrecoup injury to which region of the brain?

Answer 24

Frontal

Question 25

Spinal cord injuries most likely occur in which region?

Answer 25

C and T spine.

Question 26

The most likely rationale for body temperature fluctuations after cervical spinal cord injury is that the person has:____

Answer 26

Sustained injury to the SNS resulting in disturbed thermal controls

Question 27

A man who sustained a cervical spinal cord injury 2 days ago suddenly develops severe hypertension and bradycardia. He reports severe head pain and blurred vision. The most likely explanation for these clinical manifestations is that he is:

Answer 27

Developing autonomic hyperreflexia

Question 28

The type of vascular malformation that most often results in hemorrhage is:

Answer 28

Arteriovenous malformation

Question 29

Atheromatous plaques are most commonly found:

Answer 29

At branches of arteries

Question 30

Multiple sclerosis is best described as a(an):

Answer 30

CNS demyelination, possibly from an immunogenetic virus.

Question 31

What is the most common opportunistic infection associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)?

Answer 31

Toxoplasmosis

Question 32

It is true that Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS):

Answer 32

Is preceded by a viral illness

Question 33

It is true that myasthenia gravis:

Answer 33

Causes muscle weaknes

Question 34

In which disorder are acetylcholine receptor antibodies (IgG antibodies) produced against acetylcholine receptors?

Answer 34

Myasthenia gravis.

Question 35

Multiple sclerosis and Guillain-Barré syndrome are similar in that they both:

Answer 35

Result from demyelination by an immune reaction