Chapter 18 Flashcards
What are the 2 essential fatty acids?
– Linoleic acid
– Linolenic acid
What is Nutrition?
Study of sources, actions, and interactions of nutrients
What is Metabolism?
The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body
What are essential nutrients?
Nutrients that the body cannot produce
How many non-essential amino acids are there?
There are 12 non-essential amino acids.
Identify how many essential amino acids are there and what are they?
There are 8 essential amino acids:
– Isoleucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.
What are the four fat soluble vitamins?
– Vitamin A
– Vitamin D
– Vitamin E
– Vitamin K
What are vitamins?
Vitamins are organic compounds that are needed for proper metabolism.
– Cannot be synthesized by the body
What is the function of vitamin A?
Required for: Vision, bone formation, antioxidant activity, gene transcription, and skin maintenance.
What does Vitamin D do, and where is it found at?
Regulation of Ca and pH in blood, bone growth and remodeling, immune system (macrophage stimulation)
Vitamin D found at: animal products, milk, eggs, other products
Production through UV light exposure.
What happens with a deficiency in vitamin A?
Lack of Vitamin A results in: – Night blindness – Eye disorders (xerophthalmia) – Skin disorders (hypokeratosis,keratosis pilaris) – Poor immune function
What is the function of vitamin E?
Required for: antioxidant activity, cell membrane integrity, facilitates Vitamin C activity.
What happens when you are deficient in vitamin E?
Lack of Vitamin E results in:
– Anemia
– Neurological problems (ataxia)
What is vitamin K required for?
Required for:
Blood coagulation and bone metabolism.
What happens with a vitamin k defeciency?
Lack of Vitamin K results in:
– Hemorrhage; uncontrolled bleeding
– Stomach pain
– Calcification of blood vessels and soft tissues
List the water soluble vitamins?
B-vitamins and Vitamin C
What are the 8 water soluble B vitamins?
There are 8 B-vitamins: – Thiamine – Riboflavin – Niacin – Pantothenic acid – Vitamin B6 – Vitamin B12 – Biotin – Folic acid
What are the functions of water soluble vitamins?
This category of vitamins has a multitude of activities, ranging from:
– Coenzymes in metabolic processes (FAD, NAD, Coenzyme A)
– Nucleic acid, carbohydrate and lipid synthesis
– Red blood cell production
– Collagen production
What happens with vitamin D Deficiency?
Rickets: Children
Osteomalacia: Adults
Causes: irregular bone formation, growth inhibition, increased suscepbility to bone fractures
What is Niacin involved with, and what happens during a Niacin Deficiency?
Niacin is involved with glucose oxidation.
Niacin deficiency is: Pellagra
Causes: dermatitis, ataxia, mental confusion, GI tract inflammation.
What is Vitamin C involved with, and what happens during a Vitamin C Deficiency?
Involved with: collagen production, iron absorption, antioxidant activity, fatty acid transport.
Lack of Vitamin C: Scurvy
Results in
Dermatitis, loss of teeth, bleeding gums, decreased immune function, abnormal bone growth.
What is Thiamine involved with, and what happens with Thiamine Deficiency?
Thiamine is Involved with CHO metabolism and glucose formation.
Deficiency Results in: lethargy, fatigue, GI problems, impaired sensory reception, CVD.
What is folic acid involved with?
Folic acid is involved with: amino acid and DNA synthesis and red blood cell production.
what happens with folic acid deficiency?
Deficiency leads to: Megaloblastic Anemia
– Decreased number of red blood cells in circulation.
– Large immature and dysfunctional cells in bone marrow.
-Deficiency of folate in pregnant women can result in several birth defects.
Commonly called neural tube defects (NTD) they result in malformation of the skull, brain and spinal cord.
Spina bifida and anencephaly are two common symptoms.
