Chapter 18

Question 1

What are the 2 essential fatty acids?

Answer 1

– Linoleic acid

– Linolenic acid

Question 2

What is Nutrition?

Answer 2

Study of sources, actions, and interactions of nutrients

Question 3

What is Metabolism?

Answer 3

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body

Question 4

What are essential nutrients?

Answer 4

Nutrients that the body cannot produce

Question 5

How many non-essential amino acids are there?

Answer 5

There are 12 non-essential amino acids.

Question 6

Identify how many essential amino acids are there and what are they?

Answer 6

There are 8 essential amino acids:

– Isoleucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.

Question 7

What are the four fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 7

– Vitamin A
– Vitamin D
– Vitamin E
– Vitamin K

Question 8

What are vitamins?

Answer 8

Vitamins are organic compounds that are needed for proper metabolism.

– Cannot be synthesized by the body

Question 9

What is the function of vitamin A?

Answer 9

Required for: Vision, bone formation, antioxidant activity, gene transcription, and skin maintenance.

Question 10

What does Vitamin D do, and where is it found at?

Answer 10

Regulation of Ca and pH in blood, bone growth and remodeling, immune system (macrophage stimulation)
Vitamin D found at: animal products, milk, eggs, other products
Production through UV light exposure.

Question 11

What happens with a deficiency in vitamin A?

Answer 11

Lack of Vitamin A results in:
 – Night blindness
 – Eye disorders (xerophthalmia)
 – Skin disorders (hypokeratosis,keratosis pilaris) 
– Poor immune function

Question 12

What is the function of vitamin E?

Answer 12

Required for: antioxidant activity, cell membrane integrity, facilitates Vitamin C activity.

Question 13

What happens when you are deficient in vitamin E?

Answer 13

Lack of Vitamin E results in:
– Anemia
– Neurological problems (ataxia)

Question 14

What is vitamin K required for?

Answer 14

Required for:

Blood coagulation and bone metabolism.

Question 15

What happens with a vitamin k defeciency?

Answer 15

Lack of Vitamin K results in:
– Hemorrhage; uncontrolled bleeding
– Stomach pain
– Calcification of blood vessels and soft tissues

Question 16

List the water soluble vitamins?

Answer 16

B-vitamins and Vitamin C

Question 17

What are the 8 water soluble B vitamins?

Answer 17

There are 8 B-vitamins: 
– Thiamine
 – Riboflavin
– Niacin
– Pantothenic acid
– Vitamin B6
– Vitamin B12
– Biotin
– Folic acid

Question 18

What are the functions of water soluble vitamins?

Answer 18

This category of vitamins has a multitude of activities, ranging from:

– Coenzymes in metabolic processes (FAD, NAD, Coenzyme A)

– Nucleic acid, carbohydrate and lipid synthesis

– Red blood cell production

– Collagen production

Question 19

What happens with vitamin D Deficiency?

Answer 19

Rickets: Children
Osteomalacia: Adults
Causes: irregular bone formation, growth inhibition, increased suscepbility to bone fractures

Question 20

What is Niacin involved with, and what happens during a Niacin Deficiency?

Answer 20

Niacin is involved with glucose oxidation.
Niacin deficiency is: Pellagra
Causes: dermatitis, ataxia, mental confusion, GI tract inflammation.

Question 21

What is Vitamin C involved with, and what happens during a Vitamin C Deficiency?

Answer 21

Involved with: collagen production, iron absorption, antioxidant activity, fatty acid transport.
Lack of Vitamin C: Scurvy
Results in
Dermatitis, loss of teeth, bleeding gums, decreased immune function, abnormal bone growth.

Question 22

What is Thiamine involved with, and what happens with Thiamine Deficiency?

Answer 22

Thiamine is Involved with CHO metabolism and glucose formation.

Deficiency Results in: lethargy, fatigue, GI problems, impaired sensory reception, CVD.

Question 23

What is folic acid involved with?

Answer 23

Folic acid is involved with: amino acid and DNA synthesis and red blood cell production.

Question 24

what happens with folic acid deficiency?

Answer 24

 Deficiency leads to: Megaloblastic Anemia
– Decreased number of red blood cells in circulation.
– Large immature and dysfunctional cells in bone marrow.
-Deficiency of folate in pregnant women can result in several birth defects.
 Commonly called neural tube defects (NTD) they result in malformation of the skull, brain and spinal cord.
 Spina bifida and anencephaly are two common symptoms.