Chapter 17.1 Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance

Question 1

Renaissance

Answer 1

a period of European History, lasting from about 1300 to 1600 during which renewed interest in classical culture led to far reaching changes in art, learning, and views of the world

Question 2

What does the term Renaissance literally mean?

Answer 2

rebirth

Question 3

Italy’s Advantages

Answer 3

1) thriving cities
2) wealthy merchant class
3) classical heritage from Greece and Rome

Question 4

Thriving City States

Answer 4

The Crusades led to overseas trade, which led to the growth of large city states in Italy
Italy was urban while the rest of Europe was rural
city- places where people exchange ideas

Question 5

How did the bubonic plague affect the city states in Italy?

Answer 5

1300s-bubonic plague killed 60% population-there were few opportunities to expand business, so merchants pursued other interests like art

Question 6

How did the Middle Ages lead into the Renaissance?

Answer 6

Those who survived the war and plague in the late middle ages wanted to celebrate life and the human spirit. They began to question the institution of the middle ages. In northern Italy, writers and artists began to experiment with new styles and express this new spirit.

Question 7

Wealthy Merchant Class

Answer 7

dominated politics: didn’t inherit social rank like nobles
merchants believed they deserved power and wealth b/c of individual merit-> belief of the individual became important in Renaissance

Question 8

How did the government change because of the wealthy merchant class?

Answer 8

Florence=republican form of government since the late 1200s

Florence became under rule of powerful banking family, the Medici

Question 9

Who was Cosimo de Medici?

Answer 9

Cosimo de Medici=wealthy man who took control of Florence’s government in 1434 and influenced members of ruling council by giving them loans

Question 10

What happened when Cosimo de Medici died?

Answer 10

family continued to control government
grandson Lorenzo de Medici came to power in 1469
ruled as dictator by appeared to have elected government

Question 11

In what year did Cosimo de Medici die?

Answer 11

1464

Question 12

How long was Cosimo de Medici dictator?

Answer 12

30 years

Question 13

What was Lorenzo de Medici known as?

Answer 13

Lorenzo the Magnificent

Question 14

Classical Heritage from Greece and Rome

Answer 14

scholars wanted to return to learning of Greeks and Romans

Question 15

How did the scholars return to Greek and Roman learning?

Answer 15

1) drew inspiration from ruins of Rome that surrounded them
2) studied ancient Latin manuscripts preserved in monasteries
3) Christian scholars in Constantinople fled to Rome with Greek manuscripts when the Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453

Question 16

Humanism

Answer 16

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

Question 17

Classics Lead to Humanism

Answer 17

studying classic texts lead to humanism

humanists studied them to understand ancient Greek values

Question 18

What Effects did Humanists have on the Renaissance?

Answer 18

influenced artists and architects to carry on classical traditions
popularized the humanities

Question 19

What are the humanities

Answer 19

subjects common to classical education: history, literature, philosophy

Question 20

Secular

Answer 20

concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters

Question 21

Worldly Pleasures

Answer 21

Humanists suggested that people could enjoy life w/o offending god
wealthy enjoyed material luxuries, good music, and fine foods
most people remained devout Catholics, but even Church leaders were more secular

Question 22

Patron

Answer 22

a person who supports artists, especially financially

Question 23

Patrons of the Arts

Answer 23

church leaders, wealthy families, merchants beautified Rome by spending money on art

Question 24

What year was the Courtier written in?

Answer 24

1528

Question 25

Who is the author of the Courtier?

Answer 25

Baldassare Castiglione

Question 26

What did the Courtier do?

Answer 26

explained ideals of Renaissance man and woman

Question 27

Renaissance Man

Answer 27

ideal individual that strove to master almost every area of study man who excelled in many fields "universal man"

Question 28

Renaissance Woman

Answer 28

upper class woman should be charming and educated in classics not expected to seek fame inspire art, but not create it little influence in politics

Question 29

Isabella d'Este

Answer 29

born into ruling family of Ferrara married ruler of another city state: Mantua brought many artists into court and built famous art collection

Question 30

How was Isabella d'Este different from other women?

Answer 30

skilled in politics and exercised power | when husband was taken captive in war, she defended Mantua and won his release

Question 31

What were the ideals of a Renaissance Man according to the Courtier?

Answer 31

charming, witty, well educated in classics, dance, sing, write poetry, play music, skilled rider, skilled wrestler, skilled swordsman, skilled artist, modest, gentle, bold, stern, knows Latin and Greek, accomplished in letters,

Question 32

What was the difference between Medieval and Renaissance Art concerning religion?

Answer 32

Medieval artists used religious subjects to convey a spiritual ideal Renaissance artists portrayed religious subjects, but used realistic style from classical models + Greek & Roman subjects became popular

Question 33

Perspective

Answer 33

an artistic technique that creates the appearance of three dimensions on a flat surface

Question 34

Realistic Painting and Sculpture

Answer 34

emphasis on individuals-> painted prominent citizens using realistic portraits that revealed what is distinctive about each person

Question 35

Michelangelo Buonarroti

Answer 35

painter, sculptor, poet, architect w/ realistic style when depicting body King David=fav subject

Question 36

Donatello

Answer 36

sculpture more realistic by carving natural poses and expressing revealing personality famous statue of David: first sculpture of large free standing nude since ancient times

Question 37

When was Donatello's statue of David created?

Answer 37

late 1460s

Question 38

Leonardo da Vinci

Answer 38

inventor, scientist, painter, sculptor, | Renaissance man

Question 39

What did Leonardo study?

Answer 39

interested in how things work | studied how muscle moved and how veins are arranged in leaf

Question 40

What are two of Leonardo's most famous works?

Answer 40

The Last Supper | Mona Lisa

Question 41

Details about Perspective

Answer 41

rediscovered by Italian artists in 1400s based on optical illusion: as parallel lines stretch away from viewer they seems to draw together until they meet at vanishing point on horizon

Question 42

Raphael Sanzio

Answer 42

younger than Michelangelo and Leonardo->studied works

Question 43

What was one of Raphael's favorite subjects?

Answer 43

Madonna and child: portrayed expressions as gentle and calm

Question 44

What is Raphael famous for?

Answer 44

use of perspective

Question 45

Sofonisba Anguissola

Answer 45

first woman artist to gain international reputation

Question 46

What is Sofonisba Anguissola known for?

Answer 46

portraits of her sisters and of prominent people such as King Philip II of Spain

Question 47

Artemisia Gentileschi

Answer 47

trained with painter father and helped with his work | own paintings: strong, heroic women

Question 48

Vernacular

Answer 48

everyday language of people in a region or country

Question 49

Francesco Petrarch

Answer 49

great poet | earliest and most influential humanist

Question 50

What do some people call Francesco Petrarch?

Answer 50

father of Renaissance Humanism

Question 51

How many languages did Francesco Petrarch write in?

Answer 51

2

Question 52

What languages did Francesco Petrarch write in?

Answer 52

Italian and Latin

Question 53

What did Francesco Petrarch write in Italian?

Answer 53

sonnets-14 line poems | about mysterious woman named Laura

Question 54

What did Francesco Petrarch write in Latin?

Answer 54

letters

Question 55

Giovanni Boccaccio

Answer 55

Italian writer | wrote Decameron

Question 56

What is the Decameron about?

Answer 56

realistic stories told by group of worldly young people waiting in a rural villa to avoid plague sweeping through Florence tragic and comic views of life- human condition

Question 57

What year was the Prince created?

Answer 57

1513

Question 58

Who wrote the Prince?

Answer 58

Niccolò Machiavelli

Question 59

What was the Prince about?

Answer 59

political guidebook that examines how a ruler can gain & keep power-not concerned with morals-must sometimes mislead people and lie to opponents-feared and loved

Question 60

When was Vittoria Colonna born?

Answer 60

1492

Question 61

When did Vittoria Colonna die?

Answer 61

1547

Question 62

In what family was Vittoria Colonna born?

Answer 62

noble family

Question 63

Who did Vittoria Colonna marry?

Answer 63

Marquis of Pescara

Question 64

When did Vittoria Colonna get married?

Answer 64

1509

Question 65

What did Vittoria Colonna do?

Answer 65

exchanged sonnets with Michelangelo and helped Castiglione publish the Courtier because husband spent most of life away on military campaigns, her own poems express personal emotions