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World History > Chapter 17.1 Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance > Flashcards

Chapter 17.1 Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance Flashcards

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1
Q

Renaissance

A

a period of European History, lasting from about 1300 to 1600 during which renewed interest in classical culture led to far reaching changes in art, learning, and views of the world

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2
Q

What does the term Renaissance literally mean?

A

rebirth

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3
Q

Italy’s Advantages

A

1) thriving cities
2) wealthy merchant class
3) classical heritage from Greece and Rome

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4
Q

Thriving City States

A

The Crusades led to overseas trade, which led to the growth of large city states in Italy
Italy was urban while the rest of Europe was rural
city- places where people exchange ideas

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5
Q

How did the bubonic plague affect the city states in Italy?

A

1300s-bubonic plague killed 60% population-there were few opportunities to expand business, so merchants pursued other interests like art

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6
Q

How did the Middle Ages lead into the Renaissance?

A

Those who survived the war and plague in the late middle ages wanted to celebrate life and the human spirit. They began to question the institution of the middle ages. In northern Italy, writers and artists began to experiment with new styles and express this new spirit.

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7
Q

Wealthy Merchant Class

A

dominated politics: didn’t inherit social rank like nobles
merchants believed they deserved power and wealth b/c of individual merit-> belief of the individual became important in Renaissance

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8
Q

How did the government change because of the wealthy merchant class?

A

Florence=republican form of government since the late 1200s

Florence became under rule of powerful banking family, the Medici

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9
Q

Who was Cosimo de Medici?

A

Cosimo de Medici=wealthy man who took control of Florence’s government in 1434 and influenced members of ruling council by giving them loans

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10
Q

What happened when Cosimo de Medici died?

A

family continued to control government
grandson Lorenzo de Medici came to power in 1469
ruled as dictator by appeared to have elected government

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11
Q

In what year did Cosimo de Medici die?

A

1464

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12
Q

How long was Cosimo de Medici dictator?

A

30 years

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13
Q

What was Lorenzo de Medici known as?

A

Lorenzo the Magnificent

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14
Q

Classical Heritage from Greece and Rome

A

scholars wanted to return to learning of Greeks and Romans

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15
Q

How did the scholars return to Greek and Roman learning?

A

1) drew inspiration from ruins of Rome that surrounded them
2) studied ancient Latin manuscripts preserved in monasteries
3) Christian scholars in Constantinople fled to Rome with Greek manuscripts when the Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453

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16
Q

Humanism

A

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

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17
Q

Classics Lead to Humanism

A

studying classic texts lead to humanism

humanists studied them to understand ancient Greek values

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18
Q

What Effects did Humanists have on the Renaissance?

A

influenced artists and architects to carry on classical traditions
popularized the humanities

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19
Q

What are the humanities

A

subjects common to classical education: history, literature, philosophy

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20
Q

Secular

A

concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters

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21
Q

Worldly Pleasures

A

Humanists suggested that people could enjoy life w/o offending god
wealthy enjoyed material luxuries, good music, and fine foods
most people remained devout Catholics, but even Church leaders were more secular

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22
Q

Patron

A

a person who supports artists, especially financially

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23
Q

Patrons of the Arts

A

church leaders, wealthy families, merchants beautified Rome by spending money on art

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24
Q

What year was the Courtier written in?

A

1528

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25
Q

Who is the author of the Courtier?

A

Baldassare Castiglione

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26
Q

What did the Courtier do?

A

explained ideals of Renaissance man and woman

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27
Q

Renaissance Man

A

ideal individual that strove to master almost every area of study
man who excelled in many fields “universal man”

28
Q

Renaissance Woman

A

upper class woman should be charming and educated in classics
not expected to seek fame
inspire art, but not create it
little influence in politics

29
Q

Isabella d’Este

A

born into ruling family of Ferrara
married ruler of another city state: Mantua
brought many artists into court and built famous art collection

30
Q

How was Isabella d’Este different from other women?

A

skilled in politics and exercised power

when husband was taken captive in war, she defended Mantua and won his release

31
Q

What were the ideals of a Renaissance Man according to the Courtier?

A

charming, witty, well educated in classics, dance, sing, write poetry, play music, skilled rider, skilled wrestler, skilled swordsman, skilled artist, modest, gentle, bold, stern, knows Latin and Greek, accomplished in letters,

32
Q

What was the difference between Medieval and Renaissance Art concerning religion?

A

Medieval artists used religious subjects to convey a spiritual ideal
Renaissance artists portrayed religious subjects, but used realistic style from classical models + Greek & Roman subjects became popular

33
Q

Perspective

A

an artistic technique that creates the appearance of three dimensions on a flat surface

34
Q

Realistic Painting and Sculpture

A

emphasis on individuals-> painted prominent citizens using realistic portraits that revealed what is distinctive about each person

35
Q

Michelangelo Buonarroti

A

painter, sculptor, poet, architect w/ realistic style when depicting body
King David=fav subject

36
Q

Donatello

A

sculpture more realistic by carving natural poses and expressing revealing personality
famous statue of David: first sculpture of large free standing nude since ancient times

37
Q

When was Donatello’s statue of David created?

A

late 1460s

38
Q

Leonardo da Vinci

A

inventor, scientist, painter, sculptor,

Renaissance man

39
Q

What did Leonardo study?

A

interested in how things work

studied how muscle moved and how veins are arranged in leaf

40
Q

What are two of Leonardo’s most famous works?

A

The Last Supper

Mona Lisa

41
Q

Details about Perspective

A

rediscovered by Italian artists in 1400s
based on optical illusion: as parallel lines stretch away from viewer they seems to draw together until they meet at vanishing point on horizon

42
Q

Raphael Sanzio

A

younger than Michelangelo and Leonardo->studied works

43
Q

What was one of Raphael’s favorite subjects?

A

Madonna and child: portrayed expressions as gentle and calm

44
Q

What is Raphael famous for?

A

use of perspective

45
Q

Sofonisba Anguissola

A

first woman artist to gain international reputation

46
Q

What is Sofonisba Anguissola known for?

A

portraits of her sisters and of prominent people such as King Philip II of Spain

47
Q

Artemisia Gentileschi

A

trained with painter father and helped with his work

own paintings: strong, heroic women

48
Q

Vernacular

A

everyday language of people in a region or country

49
Q

Francesco Petrarch

A

great poet

earliest and most influential humanist

50
Q

What do some people call Francesco Petrarch?

A

father of Renaissance Humanism

51
Q

How many languages did Francesco Petrarch write in?

A

2

52
Q

What languages did Francesco Petrarch write in?

A

Italian and Latin

53
Q

What did Francesco Petrarch write in Italian?

A

sonnets-14 line poems

about mysterious woman named Laura

54
Q

What did Francesco Petrarch write in Latin?

A

letters

55
Q

Giovanni Boccaccio

A

Italian writer

wrote Decameron

56
Q

What is the Decameron about?

A

realistic stories
told by group of worldly young people waiting in a rural villa to avoid plague sweeping through Florence
tragic and comic views of life- human condition

57
Q

What year was the Prince created?

A

1513

58
Q

Who wrote the Prince?

A

Niccolò Machiavelli

59
Q

What was the Prince about?

A

political guidebook that examines how a ruler can gain & keep power-not concerned with morals-must sometimes mislead people and lie to opponents-feared and loved

60
Q

When was Vittoria Colonna born?

A

1492

61
Q

When did Vittoria Colonna die?

A

1547

62
Q

In what family was Vittoria Colonna born?

A

noble family

63
Q

Who did Vittoria Colonna marry?

A

Marquis of Pescara

64
Q

When did Vittoria Colonna get married?

A

1509

65
Q

What did Vittoria Colonna do?

A

exchanged sonnets with Michelangelo and helped Castiglione publish the Courtier
because husband spent most of life away on military campaigns, her own poems express personal emotions

World History (6 decks)

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