Chapter 17.1

Question 1

Enclosure Movement

Answer 1

wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, then benefited from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land.

Question 2

Crop Rotation

Answer 2

the practice of growing a series of dissimilar or different types of crops in the same area in sequenced seasons.

Question 3

Industrial Revolution

Answer 3

the name given the movement in which machines changed people’s way of life as well as their methods of manufacture.

Question 4

Factors of Production

Answer 4

resources that are the building blocks of the economy; they are what people use to produce goods and services.

Question 5

Mechanization

Answer 5

the process of changing from working largely or exclusively by hand or with animals to doing that work with machinery.

Question 6

Factory System

Answer 6

a mode of capitalist production that emerged in the late eighteenth century as a result of England’s Industrial Revolution.

Question 7

Cottage Industry

Answer 7

a business or manufacturing activity carried on in a person’s home.

Question 8

Entrepreneur

Answer 8

a person who organizes and operates a business or businesses, taking on greater than normal financial risks in order to do so.

Question 9

Tenements

Answer 9

a substandard multi-family dwelling in the urban core, usually old and occupied by the poor.

Question 10

Mass Production

Answer 10

the production of large amounts of standardized products, including and especially on assembly lines.

Question 11

Fordism

Answer 11

a term widely used to describe the system of mass production that was pioneered in the early 20th century by the Ford Motor Company or the typical postwar mode of economic growth and its associated political and social order in advanced capitalism.

Question 12

Corporation

Answer 12

a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law.

Question 13

Monopoly

Answer 13

the exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service.

Question 14

Strikes

Answer 14

hit forcibly and deliberately with one’s hand or a weapon or other implement.

Question 15

Unions

Answer 15

the action or fact of joining or being joined, especially in a political context.

Question 16

Collective

Answer 16

a cooperative enterprise.

Question 17

Bargaining

Answer 17

negotiate the terms and conditions of a transaction.

Question 18

Eli Whitney

Answer 18

an American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin.

Question 19

James Watt

Answer 19

an American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin.

Question 20

Henry Bessemer

Answer 20

an English inventor, whose steel making process would become the most important technique for making steel in the nineteenth century.

Question 21

Richard Arkwright

Answer 21

an inventor and a leading entrepreneur during the early Industrial Revolution.

Question 22

Robert Fulton

Answer 22

an American engineer and inventor who is widely credited with developing a commercially successful steamboat called The North River Steamboat of Claremont.

Question 23

Samuel Morse

Answer 23

an American painter and inventor.

Question 24

Henry Ford

Answer 24

an American industrialist, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and the sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production.

Question 25

JP Morgan

Answer 25

an American financier and banker who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation in late 19th and early 20th Century United States.

Question 26

Immigration

Answer 26

the action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country.

Question 27

Leisure

Answer 27

a quality of experience or as free time.

Question 28

Emigration

Answer 28

the act of leaving one’s own country to settle permanently in another; moving abroad.

Question 29

Push and Pull Factors

Answer 29

factors which either forcefully push people into migration or attract them.

Question 30

Textiles

Answer 30

a type of cloth or woven fabric.

Question 31

Middle Class

Answer 31

the social group between the upper and working classes, including professional and business workers and their families.

Question 32

Jane Adams

Answer 32

a pioneer American settlement activist/reformer, social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in women’s suffrage and world peace.

Question 33

Child Labor Laws

Answer 33

enacted to ensure that when young people work, the work is safe and does not jeopardize their health, well-being or educational opportunities.

Question 34

Stuart Mill

Answer 34

an English philosopher, political economist and civil servant. One of the most influential thinkers in the history of liberalism, he contributed widely to social theory, political theory and political economy.

Question 35

Utilarianism

Answer 35

an ethical theory that states that the best action is the one that maximizes utility.

Question 36

Meiji Restoration

Answer 36

also known as the Meiji Ishin, Renovation, Revolution, Reform, or Renewal, was a chain of events that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji.