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Human A&P Lecture > Chapter 17: The Special Senses > Flashcards

Chapter 17: The Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is NOT classified as a special sense:

touch
gustation
olfaction
vision

A

touch

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2
Q

What is the ultimate destination or destinations for interpreting the sense of smell?

hypothalamus
olfactory cortex
limbic system
All of the above

A

All of the above

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3
Q

The ability to distinguish among 2,000-4,000 olfactory stimuli is called:

A

Olfactory discrimination

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4
Q

The CNS interprets smell on the basis of the particular pattern of:

A

Receptor activity

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5
Q

Even though acuity varies widely, human olfactory organs can discriminate among many smells based on the:

A

nature of the odorant

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6
Q

While eating Kung Pao chicken, Rachel bites into a small, innocent looking red pepper. Her eyes begin to water, and she reaches for her water glass. The message of “peppery hot” food has traveled to her CNS via which cranial nerve?

A

Trigeminal (V)

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7
Q

What is the function of the canal of Schlemm?

A

To return aqueous humor to the body’s circulation by passage into veins of the sclera

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8
Q

After synapsing in the thalamus, gustatory information is projected to the appropriate portion of the

A

Primary sensory cortex

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9
Q

Gustatory reception begins when dissolved chemicals contact taste hairs on the

A

gustatory cells

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10
Q

A 10-year-old girl is experimenting with makeup. On which of the following structures does she apply her metallic pink eye shadow?

lacrimal caruncle
medial canthus
conjuctiva
superior palpebrae

A

superior palpebrae

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11
Q

At 1:00 pm, Emma is carefully studying an image of the eye. When she focuses directly on the image, it falls on part of her retina?

A

fovea

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12
Q

A lipid-rich product that helps to keep the eyelids from sticking together is produced by the

A

tarsal gland

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13
Q

The fibrous tunic, the outermost layer covering the eye, consists of the

A

sclera and cornea

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14
Q

Which of the following could cause the formation of cataracts?

  • adverse reactions to drugs
  • aging
  • injury
  • All of the listed responses are correct.
A

All

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15
Q

What is the primarily function of the lens of the eye?

A

To focus the visual image on retinal receptors

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16
Q

While Andy is mowing the lawn, a rock strikes him in his right eye, damaging his eye and causing infection and degeneration in his right optic tract. Which part of his brain can NO LONGER receive visual stimulation?

A

Left visual cortex

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17
Q

When photons stimulate either rods alone or all three types of cones, the eye perceives

A

“white” light

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18
Q

Axons converge on the optic disc, penetrate the wall of the eye, and proceed toward the

A

diencephalon through the optic nerve (II)

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19
Q

The sensation of vision arises from the integration of information arriving at the

A

visual cortex of the cerebrum

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20
Q

What is the dividing line between the external ear and the internal ear

A

tympanic membrane

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21
Q

Which of the following auditory ossicles directly attaches to the tympanic membrane?

A

malleus

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22
Q

The structure in the cochlea of the inner ear that provides information to the CNS is the

A

Organ of Corti

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23
Q

The receptors that provide the sensation of hearing are located in the

A

cochlea

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24
Q

What is the name given to the collection of calcium carbonate crystals whose movement over hair cells triggers impulses to the brain concerning body position

A

otoliths

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25
Q

Ascending auditory sensations synapse in the thalamus and are delivered by projection fibers to the

A

auditory cotrex of the temporal lobe

26
Q

Olfactory secretions that absorb water and form thick, pigmented mucus are produced by

A

olfactory glands

27
Q

During the olfaction process, the synapse occurs at the

A

olfactory bulbs of the cerebrum

28
Q

One of the few examples of neuronal replacement in adult humans is the turnover in which of the following populations?

  • vestibuloreceptor population
  • olfactory epithelium
  • initial receptor site
  • olfactory bulbs of the cerebrum
A

olfactory receptor population

29
Q

Which tongue papillae provide friction to move objects around in the mouth but do NOT contain taste buds

A

filiform papillae

30
Q

Drugstores often carry reading glasses of various strengths for older people who can no longer read materials that are close to them. What type of accommodation problem are these glasses meant to solve?

A

presbyopia

31
Q

What is the ultimate higher-order olfactory destination?

A

the olfactory cortex

32
Q

The factor that quickly reduces your sensitivity to a new taste is

A

central adaptation

33
Q

A taste receptor sensitive to dissolved chemicals but insensitive to pressure illustrates the concept of

A

receptor specificity

34
Q

During the focusing process, what happens when light travels from the air into the relatively dense cornea

A

the light path is bent

35
Q

Exposure to bright light produces a

A

rapid reflexive decrease in puppillary diameter

36
Q

What determines the color of the eye

A

the thickness of the iris and the number and distribution of pigment cells

37
Q

In rating visual acuity, a person whose vision is rated 20/15 is better than normal because this person can

A

read letters at 20 feet that are discernible by the normal eye only at 15 feet from the chart

38
Q

Which of the following is NOT a part of the brain used in the auditory pathway:

inferior colliculus
primary motor cortex
auditory cortex
medial geniculate nucleus

A

primary motor cortex

39
Q

What role does vitamin A play in the eye

A

The visual pigment retinal is synthesized from vitamin A

40
Q

There is an old saying, “All cats are gray at dusk.” Which of the following statements explains this saying:

  • At dusk, only cones are stimulated, and they are equally stimulated. The combination of all the cone colors is gray.
  • At dusk, only rods are stimulated, and because they detect black and white, the resulting image is of a gray cat.
  • Rods and cones are stimulated equally, but the brain does not know how to process this confusing information, so the resulting color is gray.
  • Neither rods nor cones are stimulated.
A

At dusk, only rods are stimulated, and because they detect black and white, the resulting image is of a gray cat

41
Q

When one or more classes of cones are nonfunctional, the result is

A

color blindness

42
Q

The most detailed information about the visual image is provided by the

A

cones

43
Q

The region of the retina called the “blind spot” is an area that structurally comprises the

A

optic disc

44
Q

The partial crossover that occurs at the optic chiasm ensures that the visual cortex receives

A

a composite picture of the entire visual field

45
Q

The waxy material that slows the growth of microorganisms in the external acoustic canal and reduces the chances of infection is

A

cerumen

46
Q

As a result of taking gentamicin for an infection, Colin’s hair cells in the cochlea became damaged. What type of deafness might he experience

A

nerve deafness

47
Q

In the ear, information about the direction and strength of mechanical stimuli is provided by the

A

hair cells

48
Q

The receptors in the inner ear that provide sensations of gravity and linear acceleration are in the

A

saccule and utricle

49
Q

Information about the region and intensity of stimulation is related to the CNS over the cochlear branch of cranial nerve

A

VIII

50
Q

The energy content of a sound determines its intensity, which is measured in

A

decibels

51
Q

Define olfaction

A

The sense of smell; it involves olfactory receptor cells in paired olfactory organs responding to chemical stimuli

52
Q

Trace the olfactory pathway

A

Axons from the olfactory epithelium collect into bundles that reach the olfactory bulb then travel along the olfactory tract to the olfactory cortex, hypothalamus and portions of the limbic system

53
Q

When you first enter the A&P lab for dissection, you are very aware of the odor of preservatives. By the end of the lab period, the smell doesn’t seem to be nearly as strong. Why?

A

By the end of the lab period, central adaptation has occurred. Inhibition of synapses along the olfactory pathway reduces the amount of information reaching the olfactory cortex, even though the olfactory neurons remain active.

54
Q

Define gustation

A

The sense of taste, provided by taste receptors responding to chemical stimuli.

55
Q

If you completley dry the surface of your tongue and then place salt or sugar crystals on it, you can’t taste them. Why not?

A

Taste receptors are sensitive only to molecules and ions that are in solution. If you dry the surface of your tongue, the salt ions or sugar molecules have no moisture in which to dissolve, so they will not stimulate the taste receptors.

56
Q

Your grandfather can’t understand why foods he used to enjoy just don’t taste the same anymore. How would you explain this to him?

A

Your grandfather is experiencing the effects of several age-related changes. The number of taste buds decreases dramatically after age 50, and those that remain are not as sensitive as they once were. In addition, the loss of olfactory receptors contributes to the perception of fewer flavors in foods.

57
Q

Which layer of the eye would be affected first by inadequate tear production

A

The conjuctiva. Drying of the conjuctiva would produce an irritated, scratchy feeling.

58
Q

When the lens of your eye is more rounded, are you looking at an object that is close to you or far from you?

A

Close to you

59
Q

As Sue enters a dimly lit room, most of the available light becomes focused on the fovea of the eye. Will she be able to see very clearly?

A

Unlikely to see at all. Fovea contains only cones, which need high-intensity light to be stimulated. Dimly lit room contains light that is too weak to stimulate the cones

60
Q

How would a blockage of the scleral venous sinus affect your vision?

A

The aqueous humor could not drain, producing an eye condition called glaucoma. Accumulation of this fluid increases the pressure within the eye, distorting soft tissues and interfering with vision. Ultimately will cause blindness.

Human A&P Lecture (1 decks)

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