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Anatomy & Physiology II > Chapter 17: The Heart > Flashcards

Chapter 17: The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

the pulmonary circuit involves blood flow from the heart to and from the _____

A

lungs

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2
Q

what is the function of the valves in the heart

A

prevent backflow of blood through the heart

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3
Q

which vessel is guarded by a semilunar valve at its base?

A

pulmonary trunk

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4
Q

what vessel(s) deliver oxygenated blood to the left atrium

A

pulmonary veins

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5
Q

during what part of the action potential will calcium ions enter the contractile cell?

A

plateau phase

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6
Q

what normally serves as the pacemaker of the entire heart?

A

sinoatrial (SA) node

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7
Q

the P wave of an electrocardiogram (ECG) represents the depolarization of cells in the _____

A

atria

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8
Q

which of the following can be used to measure heart rate?

A

R-R interval

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9
Q

the amount of blood remaining in each ventricle at the end of the ventricular ejection phase is normally about __ __

A

50 mL

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10
Q

what two values are needed in order to calculate cardiac output (CO) for a ventricle?

A

stroke volume (SV) and heart rate (HR)

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11
Q

the degree of stretch experienced by the sarcomeres in the ventricle cells before they contract is called _______

A

preload

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12
Q

which of the following decreases heart rate?

A

acetylcholine

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13
Q

blood in the right atrium should travel next past the _________ _____ ___ ____ ___ _____ _________

A

tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle

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14
Q

a damaged atrioventricular (AV) bundle or atrioventricular (AV) node will primarily affect the length of the ___ ________

A

P-R interval

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15
Q

calculate the end-systolic volume (ESV) if the end-diastolic volume (EDV) in a resting heart is 110 mL and stroke volume (SV) is 70 mL

A

40 mL

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16
Q

what is the most superficial layer of the pericardial sac?

A

fibrous pericardium

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17
Q

the visceral pericardium is the same as the __________

A

epicardium

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18
Q

both the left and right atria receive blood from _____

A

veins

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19
Q

the right side of the heart receives ____________ _____ ____ ___ ________ _______

A

deoxygenated blood from the systemic circuit

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20
Q

oxygenated blood is delivered to the left atrium through the _________ _____

A

pulmonary veins

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21
Q

which vessel is guarded by a semilunar valve at its base?

A

pulmonary trunk

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22
Q

what are three layers of the heart wall from superficial to deep?

A

epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

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23
Q

where does the left ventricle send blood?

A

aorta

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24
Q

which blood vessel is not a great blood vessel of the heart?

A

pulmonary arteries

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25
Q

the mitral valve is the clinical name for the ________ _____

A

bicuspid valve

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26
Q

which vessel carries oxygenated blood?

A

pulmonary vein

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27
Q

what is the function of the valves in the heart?

A

prevent backflow of blood through the heart

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28
Q

what might happen if the papillary muscles and/or chordae tendinae stopped functioning?

A

blood would leak back into the atria from the ventricles

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29
Q

what statement best describes how coronary artery anastomoses might help a patient with coronary artery disease?

A

they provide alternate routes of blood flow when a vessel is blocked

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30
Q

what valve prevents the backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium?

A

right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)

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31
Q

which cardiac chamber has the thickest wall?

A

left ventricle

32
Q

what is not a function associated with the heart?

A

increase the rate at which erythrocytes are formed

33
Q

what blood vessels do ventricles always pump blood into?

A

arteries

34
Q

blood in the right atrium should travel next past the _________ _____ __ ____ ___ _____ _________

A

tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle

35
Q

what statement best describes the apex of the heart

A

inferior tip of the heart and points toward the left side

36
Q

what structure attaches the cusps of the atrioventricular valves to the papillary muscles?

A

chordae tendinae

37
Q

what obscures atrial repolarization on an electrocardiogram (ECG)?

A

QRS complex

38
Q

the P wave on an electrocardiogram (ECG) represents the depolarization of cells in the _____

A

atria

39
Q

what activity is occurring in the heart during the Q-T interval on an electrocardiogram (ECG)?

A

the ventricular cells are undergoing action potentials

40
Q

what part of an electrocardiogram (ECG) represents ventricular repolarization?

A

T wave

41
Q

which pacemaker cell populations has the slowest intrinsic rate of depolarization at about 20 times per minute?

A

purkinje fiber system

42
Q

which ion channels are time-gated closing channels?

A

calcium ion channels

43
Q

what kind of ion channels are unique to pacemaker cells?

A

HCN channels

44
Q

what allows the atria and ventricles to depolarize and contract separately?

A

atrioventricular (AV) node delay

45
Q

what normally serves as the pacemaker of the entire heart?

A

sinoatrial (SA) node

46
Q

what is a contractile cell with a membrane potential of 0 mV experiencing?

A

plateau phase

47
Q

describe the total refractory period of cardiac muscle

A

it is longer than the total refractory period for skeletal muscle

48
Q

during what part of the action potential will calcium ions enter the contractile cell?

A

plateau phase

49
Q

what is initiated by a rapid influx of sodium ions into contractile cells creating a positive membrane potential inside the cell?

A

rapid depolarization phase

50
Q

what cell populations does not spontaneously generate action potentials in the cardiac conduction system?

A

contractile cells

51
Q

what structural component is only found in cardiac muscles

A

intercalated discs

52
Q

what provides a graphic representation of all the action potentials occurring in the heart?

A

electrocardiogram

53
Q

the right and left atria depolarize and contract following the arrival of the action potential from the __________ ____

A

sinoatrial (SA) node

54
Q

which wave on the electrocardiogram (ECG) represents ventricular depolarization?

A

QRS complex

55
Q

autorhythmicity in the heart is a function of _______ _________ _____

A

cardiac pacemaker cells

56
Q

looking in a microscope, what are the visible structures that join cardiac muscle cells?

A

intercalated discs

57
Q

which wave on the electrocardiogram

(ECG) corresponds with the ventricular filling phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

P wave

58
Q

which of the following chemical messengers decreases heart rate?

A

acetylcholine

59
Q

the degree of stretch experienced by the sarcomeres in the ventricle cells before they contract is called _______

A

preload

60
Q

which term refers to the force the ventricles must overcome to eject blood into their respective arteries?

A

afterload

61
Q

what largely determines preload?

A

end-diastolic volume (EDV)

62
Q

which hormone decreases cardiac output by decreasing blood volume and preload?

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

63
Q

which of the following events is not part of the cardiac cycle?

A

atrial contraction phase

64
Q

inotropic agents affect _____________

A

contractility

65
Q

which event can be heard most easily with a stethoscope?

A

closing of atrioventricular valves

66
Q

what two values are needed to calculate cardiac output (CO) for a ventricle?

A

stroke volume (SV) and heart rate (HR)

67
Q

high-pressured blood in the ventricles ______ __ _________ ______ ____

A

forces the semilunar valves open

68
Q

which hormone decreases cardiac output by decreasing blood volume and preload?

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

69
Q

during what phase is the S1 heart sound first heard?

A

isovolumetric contraction phase

70
Q

calculate the end-systolic volume (ESV) if the end-diastolic volume (EDV) in a resting heart is 110 mL and stroke volume (SV) is 70 mL

A

40 mL

71
Q

what factor would increase cardiac output to the greatest extent?

A

increased heart rate and increased stroke volume

72
Q

which cranial nerves have a negative chronotropic effect on heart rate?

A

vagus nerves (CN X)

73
Q

which path does an action potential in the heart rate normally take?

A

sa node, atrial contractile cells, AV node where it is delayed, AV bundle right and left bundle branches, purkinje fibers, ventricular contractile cells

74
Q

what is the volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle per heart beat?

A

stroke volume (SV)

75
Q

which chamber generates the highest pressure during systole?

A

left ventricle

76
Q

according to the frank-starling law, a bigger preload will result in _ ________ ___________

A

a stronger contraction

Anatomy & Physiology II (3 decks)

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