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Towards a new consensus 1987-97 > Chapter 17- the fall of Thatcher and the rise of Major > Flashcards

Chapter 17- the fall of Thatcher and the rise of Major Flashcards

1
Q

what was the first problem that thatcher experienced in 1987

A

the stock market crashed

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2
Q

what did the ‘Lawson boom’ result in

A

rapid economic expansion

inflation 10.9% higher in 1990 than 1980

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3
Q

what caused the ‘Lawson boom’

A

Nigel lawson’s policies- specifically 1988 budget

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4
Q

what seat was lost by the tories in October 1990 that was very concerning

A

the ultra-safe seat of Eastbourne to the Liberals

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5
Q

what caused the governments popularity to drop in opinion polls in 1990

A

the poll tax

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6
Q

why were the Labour Party more of a threat to thatcher by the end of her term

A

party had been galvanised by Neil Kinnock

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7
Q

why was Geoffrey Howe’s resignation speech a factor in the fall of Thatcher

A

openly voiced criticisms of her

played a part in Heseltine announcing he would run for leadership

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8
Q

what was a key reason in Major becoming party leader

A

Thatcherites saw him as ‘one of them’

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9
Q

when did major scrap the poll tax

A

November 1991

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10
Q

what did the opinion polls say in the run up to the 1992 election

A

labour- 41%

tory- 29%

Lib Dem- 15%

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11
Q

what traditional style of campaigning did Major do in the run up to the 92 election

A

soap box politics

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12
Q

what were the actual results of the 1992 election

A

tories- 51.6%. 336 seats

labour- 41.6&. 271 seats

Lib Dem- 3.1%. 20 seats

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13
Q

how did unemployment change from 1991-1992

A

rose from 1.6 to 2.6 million

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14
Q

when was black Wednesday

A

16th september 1992

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15
Q

when did Britain join the ERM

A

October 1990

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16
Q

what was black Wednesday

A

when Britain were forced to leave the ERM

the ERM required Britain to maintain an exchange rate of 2.95 German marks to the pound, but the pound came under stress

norman Lamont (chancellor) attempted to rase interest rates from 10-15% to persuade foreign investors to by pounds again but this did not work

eventually Britain had to leave the ERM

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17
Q

what were the economic impacts of black Wednesday

A

surprisingly positive

exchange rates fell which helped British exporters

unemployment was down

consumer spending increased

productivity increased

house prices rose

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18
Q

what were the political impacts of black Wednesday

A

very bad

threw away stereotype that conservatives could be trusted with the economy

labour went ahead in the polls

Major himself later admitted it was ‘the beginning of the end’

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19
Q

what were the two leading conservatives Jeffrey Archer and Johnothan Atkins found guilty of under major

A

perjury

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20
Q

what was the ‘cash for questions scandal’

A

Neil Hamilton and other tory MP’s were found to be accepting bribes to ask questions to parliament on behalf of the harrods owner Mohammed Al Fayed

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21
Q

what were the two major privitisations that occurred under Major

A

coal- 1994

railways- 1996

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22
Q

what was the citizens charter 1991

A

an attempt to give public service users information about the quality of services by providing information of th quality of services. eg testing of schools and publication of results

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23
Q

what closures were announced by Heseltine in 1991

A

31 pits in nottinghamshire

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24
Q

what led to British beef not being sold in Europe

A

outbreak of mad cow disease

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25
Q

what did Major ban in Britain because of the troubles

A

any organisations linked with terrorism from broadcasting

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26
Q

why were British soldiers accused of having a ‘shoot to kill’ policy

A

three IRA members killed in Gibraltar in 1988 by SAS

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27
Q

what were the two main miscarriages of justice in the troubles under major

A

the Birmingham six

the Guildford four

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28
Q

who were the Guildford four

A

arrested in 1975 for life after bombing two pubs. verdict overturned in 1989due to wrongful conviction

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29
Q

who were the Birmingham six

A

arrested in 1975 for bombing two pits and killing 21. verdict overturned in 1991

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30
Q

what were key. moments in the troubles under major

A

feb 1991- mortars fired at 10 Downing Street

Jan 1992- teebane landmine attack killed 8 protestants working at British arms base

feb 1991- five catholics short by loyalists in retaliation to teebane

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31
Q

what was announced by Major and Irish PM Albert Reynolds in 1993

A

Downing Street agreement

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32
Q

what did the Downing Street agreement include

A

if a majority vote in NI wanted union with republic of Ireland then this could happen

rewrite the 1937 constitution which was unacceptable towards unionists

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33
Q

what did the Downing Street agreement result in

A

IRA ceasefire in 1994

loyalist ceasefire after this

34
Q

what did the IRA do in 1996 that went against their ceasefire

A

bombed Canary Wharf and the centre of Manchester

35
Q

how did Thatcher alienate Howe

A

moved him from foreign office to minor role

resigned a year later

36
Q

what did Howe say in his resignation speech about Thatcher undermining her ministers in Europe

A

‘much like sending your batsmen to the crease, only for them to find, as the first balls are being bowled, that their bats have been broken before the game by the team captain’

37
Q

why did divisions in the tory party worsen after 1992

A

right-wingers saw an opportunity to push for more radical social policies

those with leadership ambitious tried to advance their claims

eurosceptics saw an opportunity to push Britain out off Europe

38
Q

what showed major felt insecure in his leadership by 1995

A

called for a leadership election

39
Q

who were the two main candidates for leadership

A

major and John redwood

40
Q

why was there only one ballot

A

major got 218 votes while redwood only got 98

41
Q

what did Blair say about major on question time

A

‘I lead my party you follow yours’

42
Q

how much of the vote did labour win in 1992 and how did this compare to other elections

A

34%

worst result since 1959

43
Q

what was the pound exchange rate to marks while britain were in the ERM

A

1-2.95

44
Q

what was the value of the pound in October 1990 when britain joined ERM

A

25% up

45
Q

what happened to the British economy in 1991

A

went into recession

46
Q

when was there a run of the pound in britain

A

1992

47
Q

how much did Germany lower the exchange rate by when britain asked them to

A

only 0.25%

48
Q

when was black Wednesday

A

16th september 1992

49
Q

what were the negative effects of black Wednesday

A

britain lost £3.6 billion in reserves

65,000 houses repossessed boy banks

20,000 people went into negative equity

26,000 small companies went bankrupt

25,000 companies liquidated

50
Q

what did Britain do to encourage foreign investment in the pound after black Wednesday

A

put interest rates up to 15%

51
Q

what was the level of inflation after black Wednesday

A

3%- 8% lower than 1990

52
Q

what was British GDP following black Wednesday

A

3.5% higher than 1991

53
Q

when did unemployment peak under Major and what was the figure

A

1992- 3 million

54
Q

what was inflation in the mid 90’s

A

10.9%

55
Q

when was the economic recession said to have ended

A

April 1993- 0.2% economic growth

56
Q

what was the governments inflation target following black Wednesday and was this upheld

A

1-4%

was upheld

57
Q

what was the Sunday trading act 1994

A

allowed shops to be open for longer on Sundays

58
Q

how many were unemployed in 1997

A

1.7 million

59
Q

what were used to develop social infastructure under major

A

PFI’s

60
Q

what did the 1993 budget include and what ddi it contradict

A

included increased tax on petrol etc- contradicted 1992 manifesto which promised tax cuts and no increase in taxes

61
Q

how was the power of unions decreased under major

A

Trade Union and Labour Relations Acts introduced in 1992

wage councils were abolished

economic development councils abolished

62
Q

what allowance was introduced in 1996

A

Jobseeker’s Allowance

63
Q

how did the rate of the pound against German marks change from may-august 1992

A

may- £1- 2.91

august- £1- 2.80

64
Q

what currency declined in relation to the pound on 9th September 1992

A

Finnish Markka

65
Q

what currency declined in relation to the pound on 13th September 1992

A

Italian Lira

66
Q

what did labour leader John smith say about Major after black Wednesday

A

major is ‘the devalued prime minister of the devalued government’

67
Q

for how long after black Wednesday did major’s economic team stay the same

A

7 months

68
Q

what happened in the polls following black Wednesday

A

labour went ahead and tories never regained the lead

69
Q

how many pits were closed in October 1992 and how many jobs were lost

A

13

30,000 jobs lost

70
Q

what was the closure of 13 pits in 1992 seen as

A

betrayal of the UDM

71
Q

what was the response of miners following pit closures in 1992

A

demonstration in London

72
Q

how many joined demonstration of miners in London inn1992

A

100-150,000

73
Q

what was majors response to the pit closures in 1992

A

announced review of some of the closures

allocated extra funding for affected areas

allocated more generous redundancy packages for miners affected

74
Q

when was the coal industry privatised

A

1994

75
Q

when was British rail privatised

A

1994-1997

76
Q

what company ran British railway after its privatisation

A

Railtrack

77
Q

who opposed privatisation of railway

A

labour

Lib Dems

a lot of tories

78
Q

what were the positives of the privatisation of British rail

A

growth in passenger numbers

increased fiscal efficiency

79
Q

what were the negatives of privatisation of British rail

A

higher ticket prices

over crowding

80
Q

when was the channel tunnel opened

A

1994

Towards a new consensus 1987-97 (4 decks)

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