Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 141 > Chapter 17: The Endocrine system > Flashcards

Chapter 17: The Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine systems

A

sends chemical only signals
reactions are slow(secretion of hormones can take seconds to days)
long term effects
long term effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

mechanisms of endocrine systems

A

gap junctions
neurotransmitters
paracrine (local) hormones
hormones (strict definition)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

gap junctions

A

pores in cell membrane allow signaling chemicals to be secreted from cell to cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

neurotransmitters

A

released from neuron to to travel across gap to a second cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

paracrine (local) hormones

A

secreted into tissue fluids to affect nearby cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

hormones

A

chemical messenger that is secreted into the blood stream, stimulates the response in another tissue or organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

components of the endocrine system

A 
hormones 
target cells 
endocrine glands
endocrine organs 
hormone producing cells in organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

target cells

A

will respond to the hormone only if it has a receptor specific for that hormone
they have receptors for a specific hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

endocrine glands

A

these produce hormones in the endocrine system
dense capillary networks to distribute hormones
intracellular effects, alter target cell metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

vertebrate endocrine system functions

A

regulation of reproduction and metabolism
growth and development
water and electrolyte balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

communication of endocrine system

A

endocrine cells secrete hormones
hormones travel through blood stream
target cells absorb hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

neuron endocrine systems

A

Several chemicals function as both hormones and neurotransmitters
Some hormones secreted by neuroendocrine cells (neurons)
Both systems with overlapping effects on same target cells
Both systems with overlapping effects on same target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

true endocrine glands

A 
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Thymus gland
Parathyroid gland
Adrenal glands
Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

secondary endocrine structures

A 
Hypothalamus
GI tract
Heart
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
Placenta
Liver
kidney
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

major organs of the endocrine system

A 
Pineal gland
hypothalamus 
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
thymus
adrenal gland
pancreas 
parathyroid glands
trachea 
gonads
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

exocrine glands

A
  • ducts carry secretion to a surface or organ cavity

- extracellular effects (food digestion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

chemical nature of hormones

A

peptide/ protein hormones
steroid hormones
Monoamines (biogenic amines)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

types of hormone receptors

A

Receptors that are part of signal transduction pathways

Intracellular receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

hypothalamus

A

part of the diencephalon, has nurmorus functions including endocrine control
controls all activities in the pituitary gland
has neuroendocrine cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

pituitary cells

A

respond to signals from the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

neuroendocrine cells

A

specialized neurons that secrete hormones (not neurotransmitters!)

22
Q

pituitary gland

A

made of two embryonically different tissues that form
Anterior pituitary gland (Adenohypophysis)
Posterior pituitary gland (Neurohypophysis)

23
Q

anterior pituitary gland

A

made of endocrine( glandular cells)
Connected to the hypothalamus via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system
Endocrine cells are controlled by releasing- and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamic neuroendocrine (neurosecretory) cells
6 different hormones secreted from the endocrine cells:

24
Q

6 different hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

A 
GH-growth hormone
PRL-prolactin
FSH-follicle-stimulating hormone 
LH-luteinizing hormone
TSH-thyroid-stimulating hormone 
ACTH- adrenocorticotropic hormone
25
Q

growth hormone - GH

A

released by somatotroph cells; non-specific effects on cartilage, bone, muscle and fat; causes the liver to release somatomedins (insulin-like growth factors) that stimulate bone and cartilage growth

26
Q

prolactin-PRL

A

released by lactotroph cells; stimulates mammary gland growth and milk production; in males, makes testes more sensitive to LH.

27
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone-FSH

A

released by gonadotrope cells; in males, helps regulate spermatogenesis; in females, helps regulate oogenesis

28
Q

luteinizing hormone -LH

A

released by gonadotrope cells; in males, regulates the secretion of testosterone by the testes; in females, induces ovulation and the secretion of estrogen and progesterone

29
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH

A

released by thyrotroph cells; causes the secretion of the thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland

30
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone -ACTH

A

released by corticotroph cells; causes the secretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex during times of stress

31
Q

posterior pituitary gland

A

Made of neuroendocrine cells that originate in the hypothalamus and terminate in the posterior pituitary gland. Axon terminals release their hormones into the bloodstream surrounding the posterior pituitary gland

Connected to the hypothalamus via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

Two different hormones secreted from the neuroendocrine cells: oxytocin OT (from paraventricular nucleus) and anti-diuretic hormone ADH (from supraoptic nucleus).

32
Q

Actions of ADT

A

increases water reabsorption at the collecting duct of the nephrons in response to an increase in blood osmolarity (the blood is too salty, dehydration, etc.)

33
Q

Action of OT

A

induces uterine contractions during childbirth; milk ejection during breastfeeding.

34
Q

Pineal gland

A

und in the midbrain
Secretes hormone, melatonin (at night) and serotonin (during the day); probably involved in circadian rhythms (‘biological clock’); timing of puberty in humans

35
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

Found on the ventral trachea
In response to TSH, two thyroid hormones are secreted: T3 triidothyronine and T4 thyroxine from follicular cells
Action of T3 and T4: maintenance of basal metabolic rate (BMR); increases oxygen consumption and cellular metabolism
Secretes hormone, calcitonin from parafollicular cells: Lowers blood Ca2+ by mineralizing bone. Moves Ca2+ from the blood and lies it down on bone. Calcitonin is the antagonistic hormone to parathormone.

36
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

Typically four small glands embedded in the surface of the thyroid glands
Secretes the hormone, parathyroid hormone PTH or parathormone in response to hypocalcemia (low blood calcium)
Antagonistic action to calcitonin: Rises blood Ca2+ by demineralizing bone, increasing intestinal Ca2+ absorption, and inhibiting urinary Ca2+ excretion.

37
Q

thymus gland

A

Located in the mediastinum

Secretes a family of thymic hormones that controls the development of T lymphocytes

38
Q

Islets of Langerhans cells of the pancreas

A

Alpha cells
Beta cells
Delta cells

39
Q

Alpha cells

A

secrete hormone, glucagon (a catabolic hormone)

40
Q

Actions of glucagon

A

it’s released in response to a drop in blood glucose (like during fast, between meals)
Liver breaks down glycogen into glucose subunits
Glucose released into the bloodstream
Blood glucose levels rise

41
Q

Beta cells

A

Beta cells secrete hormone, insulin (an anabolic hormone)

42
Q

action of insulin

A

antagonistic to those of glucagon: it’s released in response to a rise in blood glucose (during a meal)
Stimulates glucose uptake by all body cells except the brain
In liver, glucose is converted to glycogen
Increases fat uptake by adipose tissue
Increases amino acids uptake by muscle

43
Q

delta cells

A

secrete, somatostatin

Antagonistic hormone to GH

44
Q

The adrenal glands

A

found on left and right kidneys
Made of two embryonic distinct tissue layers
Adrenal Medulla
Adrenal Cortex

45
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Secretes hormones called catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine) from chromaffin cells

46
Q

functions of catecholamines

A

released during a ‘fight-or-flight’response; released in response to neuronal signals from the sympathetic nervous system
increase blood flow to the heart, brain and skeletal muscle and increase metabolic rate.
released during short-term stress to the body

47
Q

adrenal medulla

A

Produces a family of steroid-based hormones called the corticosteroids: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens

48
Q

Actions of the Glucorticoids

A

released during long-term stress to the body

Main effect is on glucose metabolism
Stimulates glycogen breakdown and glucose release from the liver
Stimulates gluconeogenesis: the synthesis of ‘new’ glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (like proteins and fats)
More glucose is moved to the blood for fuel during stress
Suppresses inflammatory response and immune response
Glucocorticoids are released in response to ACTH from the anterior pituitary

49
Q

Actions of the Mineralocorticoids

A

Main effect is sodium reabsorption at the distal convoluted tubules in the nephrons (also potassium excretion)
Systemic effect is increased blood volume and pressure

50
Q

Actions of the Androgens (male sex hormones) and small amounts of estrogens and progesterone

A

Maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics

Sex drive

51
Q

The Gonads

A

the testes and ovaries

Produce steroid-based sex hormones
Gonadal hormones released in response to FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland
Ovaries produce two types of ovarian hormones: estrogens and progesterone
Testes produce a testicular hormone: testosterone.
Sex hormones regulate primary (specific to the genitalia) and secondary (changes to other body parts) sexual characteristics

BIO 141 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions