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BIO 141 > Chapter 17: The Endocrine system > Flashcards

Chapter 17: The Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine systems

A

sends chemical only signals
reactions are slow(secretion of hormones can take seconds to days)
long term effects
long term effects

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2
Q

mechanisms of endocrine systems

A

gap junctions
neurotransmitters
paracrine (local) hormones
hormones (strict definition)

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3
Q

gap junctions

A

pores in cell membrane allow signaling chemicals to be secreted from cell to cell

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4
Q

neurotransmitters

A

released from neuron to to travel across gap to a second cell

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5
Q

paracrine (local) hormones

A

secreted into tissue fluids to affect nearby cells

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6
Q

hormones

A

chemical messenger that is secreted into the blood stream, stimulates the response in another tissue or organ

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7
Q

components of the endocrine system

A 
hormones 
target cells 
endocrine glands
endocrine organs 
hormone producing cells in organs
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8
Q

target cells

A

will respond to the hormone only if it has a receptor specific for that hormone
they have receptors for a specific hormone

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9
Q

endocrine glands

A

these produce hormones in the endocrine system
dense capillary networks to distribute hormones
intracellular effects, alter target cell metabolism

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10
Q

vertebrate endocrine system functions

A

regulation of reproduction and metabolism
growth and development
water and electrolyte balance

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11
Q

communication of endocrine system

A

endocrine cells secrete hormones
hormones travel through blood stream
target cells absorb hormones

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12
Q

neuron endocrine systems

A

Several chemicals function as both hormones and neurotransmitters
Some hormones secreted by neuroendocrine cells (neurons)
Both systems with overlapping effects on same target cells
Both systems with overlapping effects on same target cells

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13
Q

true endocrine glands

A 
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Thymus gland
Parathyroid gland
Adrenal glands
Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)
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14
Q

secondary endocrine structures

A 
Hypothalamus
GI tract
Heart
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
Placenta
Liver
kidney
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15
Q

major organs of the endocrine system

A 
Pineal gland
hypothalamus 
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
thymus
adrenal gland
pancreas 
parathyroid glands
trachea 
gonads
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16
Q

exocrine glands

A
  • ducts carry secretion to a surface or organ cavity

- extracellular effects (food digestion)

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17
Q

chemical nature of hormones

A

peptide/ protein hormones
steroid hormones
Monoamines (biogenic amines)

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18
Q

types of hormone receptors

A

Receptors that are part of signal transduction pathways

Intracellular receptors

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19
Q

hypothalamus

A

part of the diencephalon, has nurmorus functions including endocrine control
controls all activities in the pituitary gland
has neuroendocrine cells

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20
Q

pituitary cells

A

respond to signals from the hypothalamus

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21
Q

neuroendocrine cells

A

specialized neurons that secrete hormones (not neurotransmitters!)

22
Q

pituitary gland

A

made of two embryonically different tissues that form
Anterior pituitary gland (Adenohypophysis)
Posterior pituitary gland (Neurohypophysis)

23
Q

anterior pituitary gland

A

made of endocrine( glandular cells)
Connected to the hypothalamus via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system
Endocrine cells are controlled by releasing- and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamic neuroendocrine (neurosecretory) cells
6 different hormones secreted from the endocrine cells:

24
Q

6 different hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

A 
GH-growth hormone
PRL-prolactin
FSH-follicle-stimulating hormone 
LH-luteinizing hormone
TSH-thyroid-stimulating hormone 
ACTH- adrenocorticotropic hormone
25
growth hormone - GH
released by somatotroph cells; non-specific effects on cartilage, bone, muscle and fat; causes the liver to release somatomedins (insulin-like growth factors) that stimulate bone and cartilage growth
26
prolactin-PRL
released by lactotroph cells; stimulates mammary gland growth and milk production; in males, makes testes more sensitive to LH.
27
follicle-stimulating hormone-FSH
released by gonadotrope cells; in males, helps regulate spermatogenesis; in females, helps regulate oogenesis
28
luteinizing hormone -LH
released by gonadotrope cells; in males, regulates the secretion of testosterone by the testes; in females, induces ovulation and the secretion of estrogen and progesterone
29
thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH
released by thyrotroph cells; causes the secretion of the thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland
30
adrenocorticotropic hormone -ACTH
released by corticotroph cells; causes the secretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex during times of stress
31
posterior pituitary gland
Made of neuroendocrine cells that originate in the hypothalamus and terminate in the posterior pituitary gland. Axon terminals release their hormones into the bloodstream surrounding the posterior pituitary gland Connected to the hypothalamus via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract Two different hormones secreted from the neuroendocrine cells: oxytocin OT (from paraventricular nucleus) and anti-diuretic hormone ADH (from supraoptic nucleus).
32
Actions of ADT
increases water reabsorption at the collecting duct of the nephrons in response to an increase in blood osmolarity (the blood is too salty, dehydration, etc.)
33
Action of OT
induces uterine contractions during childbirth; milk ejection during breastfeeding.
34
Pineal gland
und in the midbrain Secretes hormone, melatonin (at night) and serotonin (during the day); probably involved in circadian rhythms (‘biological clock’); timing of puberty in humans
35
Thyroid Gland
Found on the ventral trachea In response to TSH, two thyroid hormones are secreted: T3 triidothyronine and T4 thyroxine from follicular cells Action of T3 and T4: maintenance of basal metabolic rate (BMR); increases oxygen consumption and cellular metabolism Secretes hormone, calcitonin from parafollicular cells: Lowers blood Ca2+ by mineralizing bone. Moves Ca2+ from the blood and lies it down on bone. Calcitonin is the antagonistic hormone to parathormone.
36
Parathyroid glands
Typically four small glands embedded in the surface of the thyroid glands Secretes the hormone, parathyroid hormone PTH or parathormone in response to hypocalcemia (low blood calcium) Antagonistic action to calcitonin: Rises blood Ca2+ by demineralizing bone, increasing intestinal Ca2+ absorption, and inhibiting urinary Ca2+ excretion.
37
thymus gland
Located in the mediastinum | Secretes a family of thymic hormones that controls the development of T lymphocytes
38
Islets of Langerhans cells of the pancreas
Alpha cells Beta cells Delta cells
39
Alpha cells
secrete hormone, glucagon (a catabolic hormone)
40
Actions of glucagon
it’s released in response to a drop in blood glucose (like during fast, between meals) Liver breaks down glycogen into glucose subunits Glucose released into the bloodstream Blood glucose levels rise
41
Beta cells
Beta cells secrete hormone, insulin (an anabolic hormone)
42
action of insulin
antagonistic to those of glucagon: it’s released in response to a rise in blood glucose (during a meal) Stimulates glucose uptake by all body cells except the brain In liver, glucose is converted to glycogen Increases fat uptake by adipose tissue Increases amino acids uptake by muscle
43
delta cells
secrete, somatostatin | Antagonistic hormone to GH
44
The adrenal glands
found on left and right kidneys Made of two embryonic distinct tissue layers Adrenal Medulla Adrenal Cortex
45
Adrenal Medulla
Secretes hormones called catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine) from chromaffin cells
46
functions of catecholamines
released during a ‘fight-or-flight’response; released in response to neuronal signals from the sympathetic nervous system increase blood flow to the heart, brain and skeletal muscle and increase metabolic rate. released during short-term stress to the body
47
adrenal medulla
Produces a family of steroid-based hormones called the corticosteroids: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens
48
Actions of the Glucorticoids
released during long-term stress to the body Main effect is on glucose metabolism Stimulates glycogen breakdown and glucose release from the liver Stimulates gluconeogenesis: the synthesis of ‘new’ glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (like proteins and fats) More glucose is moved to the blood for fuel during stress Suppresses inflammatory response and immune response Glucocorticoids are released in response to ACTH from the anterior pituitary
49
Actions of the Mineralocorticoids
Main effect is sodium reabsorption at the distal convoluted tubules in the nephrons (also potassium excretion) Systemic effect is increased blood volume and pressure
50
Actions of the Androgens (male sex hormones) and small amounts of estrogens and progesterone
Maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics | Sex drive
51
The Gonads
the testes and ovaries Produce steroid-based sex hormones Gonadal hormones released in response to FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland Ovaries produce two types of ovarian hormones: estrogens and progesterone Testes produce a testicular hormone: testosterone. Sex hormones regulate primary (specific to the genitalia) and secondary (changes to other body parts) sexual characteristics

BIO 141 (1 decks)

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