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Chemistry AP > Chapter 17: Spontaneity, Entropy, and Free Energy > Flashcards

Chapter 17: Spontaneity, Entropy, and Free Energy Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the domain of kinetics?

A

rate of reaction depends on pathway from reactants to products

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2
Q

what is thermodynamics?

A

how stable things are in one state versus another

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3
Q

what is kinetics?

A

how quickly or slowly species react

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4
Q

what is a spontaneous process?

A

a process that occurs without outside intervention

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5
Q

what is entropy?

A

measure of molecular randomness or disorder. a thermodynamic function that describes the number or arrangements that are available to a system existing in a given state

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6
Q

what does the universe favour?

A

disorder

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7
Q

in descending order, list the states positional randomness.

A

S

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8
Q

what is the sign of delta S for the evaporation of alcohol?

A

+

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9
Q

what is the sign of delta S for the freezing of H2O?

A

-

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10
Q

what is the sign of delta S for the compression of an ideal gas at constant temperature?

A

-

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11
Q

what is the sign of delta S for the heating of a gas at constant pressure?

A

+

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12
Q

what is the sign of delta S for the dissolving of NaCl in H2o?

A

+

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13
Q

what happens to the entropy of the universe in any spontaneous process?

A

it increases

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14
Q

what in the universe is constant?

A

energy

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15
Q

what in the universe is constantly increasing?

A

entropy

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16
Q

what is energy randomness?

A

which side of the equation results in energy being distributed to the universe

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17
Q

what has a lower energy state: solid or liquid?

A

solid

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18
Q

if a reaction is going from a liquid to solid substance, what side does energy randomness favour? what side does positional randomness favour?

A

energy randomness favours right and positional randomness favours left

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19
Q

at what temperature is there a balance between energy randomness and positional randomness?

A

melting point

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20
Q

what does delta S surroundings depend on?

A

the direction of heat flow on the system

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21
Q

if the reaction is exothermic is delta S of the surroundings going to increase of decrease?

A

increase

22
Q

if the reaction is endothermic is delta S of the surroundings going to increase or decrease?

A

decrease

23
Q

what does the magnitude of delta S surroundings depend on?

A

temperature of the surroundings

24
Q

what is temperature always measured in?

A

kelvin

25
Q

how do you convert from celsius to kelvin?

A

add 273.15

26
Q

what is the formula for delta S surroundings?

A

-deltaH/T

27
Q

what is the formula for delta S universe?

A

-deltaG/T

28
Q

how can you tell if a process is spontaneous with free energy?

A

a process at constant temperature and pressure is spontaneous in the direction which the free energy decreases

29
Q

what is the equation for delta G?

A

delta H - T delta S

30
Q

what is delta S measured in?

A

J/mol k

31
Q

what does it mean in terms of spontaneity if a system is at equilibrium at its boiling point?

A

the system is neither spontaneous nor nonspontaneous

32
Q

what happens if the delta H is - and delta S is +?

A

spontaneous reaction

33
Q

what happens if the delta H is + and delta S is +?

A

spontaneous at high temperatures

34
Q

what happens if the delta H is - and delta S is -?

A

spontaneous at low temperatures

35
Q

what happens if delta H is + and delta S is -?

A

not spontaneous

36
Q

what does it mean if two substances react with each other?

A

spontaneous reaction

37
Q

what does it mean if there is a stronger bond energy on one side of the equation?

A

stronger bond energy means lower energy

38
Q

what is the third law of thermodynamics?

A

entropy of a perfect crystal at 0K is zero. entropy of a substance increases with temperature.

39
Q

what does standard entropy value represent?

A

the increase in entropy that occurs when a substance is heated from 0K to 298K at 1 atm pressure

40
Q

what is the formula for delta s using standard entropy values?

A

delta S reaction = the sum of moles of products times standard entropy values of products - the sum of moles of reactants times standard entropy values of reactants

41
Q

what is standard free energy change?

A

the change in free energy that will occur if the reactants in their standard states are converted to the products in their standard states

42
Q

what is the formula for delta G using standard free energy values?

A

delta G reaction = the sum of moles of products times standard free energy values of products - the sum of moles of reactants times standard free energy values of reactants

43
Q

how can a system achieve lowest possible free energy?

A

by going to equilibrium, not by going to completion

44
Q

when does the equilibrium point occur?

A

at the lowest value of free energy available to the reaction system

45
Q

what is the K equilibrium constant?

A

specific to a given system at any given temperature

46
Q

what happens to K if delta G is equal to zero?

A

k = 1

47
Q

what happens to K if delta G is less than zero?

A

k greater than one

48
Q

what happens to K if delta G is greater than zero?

A

k is less than one

49
Q

what does it mean if K is greater than one?

A

more products than reactants at equilibrium

50
Q

what does it mean if K is less than one?

A

less products than reactants at equilibrium

51
Q

what is free energy?

A

max useful work obtainable from a process

52
Q

what is W max equal to?

A

delta g at a constant temperature and pressure

Chemistry AP (4 decks)

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