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Human Physiology > Chapter 17 Reproduction > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Occurs in testes

Results in four sperm for each starting cell.

A

Spermatogenesis

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2
Q

Occurs in ovaries

Forms a single egg (ovum).

A

Oogenesis

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3
Q

Genetic Determination of Sex

A

Gender is determined by genetic inheritance of two chromosomes known as the sex chromosomes (X and Y)

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4
Q

The Y chromosome carries

A

SRY gene- controls development of testes in the male

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5
Q

Male reproductive organs form from

Development stimulated by…

A

Wolffian ducts

testosterone

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6
Q

Female reproductive organs form from

Develop when…

A

Müllerian ducts

testosterone is absent.

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7
Q

External organs begin to develop differently in each sex at about

A

8 weeks

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8
Q

two sexes can be distinguished on sonograms.

A

By 10-12 weeks

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9
Q

released by the hypothalamus

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH

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10
Q

anterior pituitary

A

release of FSH and LH

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11
Q

the formation of male sex gametes (spermatids) from spermatogonia

A

Spermatogenesis

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12
Q

long coiled tubes where sperm are produced.

A

Seminiferous tubules

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13
Q

cells located in the spaces between the tubules that produce testosterone.

A

Leydig cells

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14
Q

stem cells formed during embryonic development. About 1000-2000 stem cells migrate from the yolk sac into the seminiferous tubules, then remain dormant until puberty.

A

Spermatogonia

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15
Q

support and nurture the growth of spermatogonia are interspersed between them in the seminiferous tubules.

A

Sertoli cells

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16
Q

undergoes the first meiotic division (meiosis I) to form two secondary spermatocytes.

A

primary spermatocyte

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17
Q

The two secondary spermatocytes undergo a second meiotic division (meiosis II)

A

to form a total of four spermatids

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18
Q

not yet fully functional spermatozoa

A

Spermatids

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19
Q

required for maturation of the spermatids

A

Sertoli cells

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20
Q

contains the nucleus; it is covered by the acrosome

A

a head

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21
Q

has enzymes to penetrate the ovum

A

the acrosome

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22
Q

contains mitochondria

A

a midpiece

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23
Q

allows it to swim

A

a flagellum (or tail)

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24
Q

During sexual excitation parasympathetic fibers release…..causing small arteries in the erectile tissue of the penis to dilate.

A

Nitrous Oxide

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25
Q

the penis becomes rigid

A

erection

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26
Q

the discharge of semen from the penis.

A

Ejaculation

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27
Q

Ejaculation

A
  • Spinal reflux mediated by afferent pathways from penile mechanoreceptors.
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28
Q

This leads to contraction of smooth muscle in the epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, prostate, seminal vesicles, and urethra

A

orgasm

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29
Q

FSH acts only on the

A

Sertoli cells.

  • These produce inhibin which feeds back to decrease further FSH secretion.
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30
Q

LH acts primarily on the

A

Leydig cells- which produce testosterone.

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31
Q

Testosterone effects

A
  • Stimulates spermatogenesis
  • Controls male secondary sex characteristics.
  • Feeds back to inhibit LH secretion.
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32
Q

the steady decrease in testosterone secretion beginning at about 40 years of age

A

Andropause

May include a decrease in libido and depression

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33
Q

the process by which ova are formed from the oogonia in the ovaries

A

Oogenesis

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34
Q

Before birth – stem cells form oogonia by mitosis, and these mature into

A

primaryoocytes

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35
Q

These begin the…..but stop in prophase I and remain at thisstage until puberty (in meiotic arrest)

A

first meiotic division

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36
Q

oogenesis begins to occur cyclically

A

At puberty

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37
Q

a few primary oocytes complete the first meiotic division

A

Each month

This forms a secondary oocyte (which receives most of the cytoplasm and organelles) and the first polar body (which contains half the DNA).

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38
Q

The secondary oocytesbeg in the…..in the ovaries, but stop at…..

A

second meiotic division; metaphase II

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39
Q

the ovulated secondary oocyte may become fertilized by a sperm

A

In the Fallopian tube

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40
Q

the second meiotic division is completed and the cell becomes an ovum

A

If fertilized

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41
Q

Oogenesis takes place in……, which undergo their own monthly cycle.

A

ovarian follicles

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42
Q

present before birth; consists of a primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of granulosa cells

A

Primordial follicle

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43
Q

consists of a primary oocyte surrounded by the zona pellucida (clear layer of glycoproteins) and granulosa cells

A

Primary follicle

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44
Q

secreted by granulosa cells of the maturing follicles.

A

Estrogen

45
Q

has a primary oocyte surrounded by a zona pellucida, multiple layers of granulosa cells and an outer theca

A

Preantral follicle

46
Q

a fluid-filled space (antrum) begins to form within the granulosa layer

A

Early antral follicle

47
Q

one dominant follicle continues to enlarge

A

Mature follicle (Graafian follicle)

48
Q

The oocyte completes the first meiotic division and begins the second, but stops in….

A

metaphase II

49
Q

the release of the secondary oocyte with the zona pellucida and layers of granulosa cells from the ovary in response to a surge of LH (luteinizing hormone)

A

Ovulation

50
Q

Ovulation occurs on about…. of a woman’s cycle.

A

Day 14

51
Q

under the influence of luteinizing hormone the remnant of the follicle becomes the….

A

Corpus luteum

  • Secretes estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin
  • continues to secrete progesterone which maintains pregnancy (if fertile)
52
Q

The degeneration of the corpus luteum triggers

A

menstruation

53
Q

period when the follicles mature, Resulting in one dominant follicle. Spans day 1 – 13

A

Follicular phase

54
Q

release of a secondary oocyte on day 14

A

Ovulation

55
Q

period of development and regression of the corpus luteum. Spans day 15-28.

A

Luteal phase

56
Q

FSH stimulates growth of follicles which make increasing levels of estrogen.

A

Follicular phase

57
Q

triggered by the LH surge on day 14.

A

Ovulation

58
Q

LH stimulates growth of thecorpus luteum which secretes both estrogen and progesterone. These levels fall as the luteum regresses.

A

Luteal phase

59
Q

events that occur in the endometrium of the uterus.

A

Uterine Cycle

60
Q

Day 1-5.

The endometrial layer is shed from the uterus.

A

Menstrual phase

61
Q

Day 6-13.

Occurs in response to increasing levels of estrogen released by the maturing follicles.

Endometrial lining begins to regrow and thicken.

A

Proliferative phase

62
Q

Day 14-28

Occurs in response to increasing levels of progesterone released by the corpus luteum.

A

Secretory phase

63
Q

As progesterone increases the endometrium becomes thicker, spongier, and more vascular.

A

Day 14-24

64
Q

As progesterone decreases, blood vessels constrict, cutting off blood flow and causing the endometrium to begin to break down.

A

Day 25-27

65
Q

Cells of the endometrial lining die.

A

Day 28

66
Q

a female’s first menstrual cycle.

A

Menarche

67
Q

the period during which the reproductive organs mature and reproduction becomes possible.

A

Puberty

  • Usually occurs between 12 and 16 years of age in the male.
  • Generally occurs between 10 and 12 years of age in the female.
68
Q

Erectile tissue in the clitoris and vestibular bulbs, as well as the areola of the breasts, becomes engorged with blood as a result of

A

parasympathetic impulses.

69
Q

Rhythmic contraction of the muscles of the perineum and the muscular walls of the vagina, uterus and uterine tubes occurs as a result of

A

sympathetic impulses

70
Q

during passage through the acidic female tract, sperm gain the ability to fertilize a secondary oocyte, possibly due to alterations in the sperm’s cell membrane.

A

Capacitation

71
Q

If fertilization takes place, the secondary oocyte usually encounters the sperm in the

A

first 1/3 of the uterine tube

72
Q

occurs when the pronuclei of the sperm and ovum fuse to form one diploid cell with 46 chromosomes.

A

Fertilization

73
Q

the first cell of the new individual.

A

zygote

74
Q

first 2 weeks

A

Pre-embryonic

75
Q

week 3 to week 8 (lasts for 6 weeks)

A

Embryonic

76
Q

week 9 to birth (lasts for 7 months)

A

Fetal

77
Q

a series of mitotic divisions in which the cell number increases but the mass does not.

A

Cleavage

  • Occurs as it travels downFallopian tube.
78
Q

prevents the corpus luteum from regressing so it keeps secreting progesterone.

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).

  • Pregnancy tests look for the presence of hCG since it will only be made if fertilization has occurred.
79
Q

Around day 6 the developing blastocyst contacts the uterine wall

A

Implantation

80
Q

Cells of the trophoblast secrete……that digest a small depression in the endometrium, which the blastocyst nestles into.

A

proteolytic enzymes

81
Q

The endometrium under the blastocyst thickens

A

decidua basalis

82
Q

The trophoblast produces finger-like projections, which grow into the endometrium.

A

chorionic villi

83
Q

The rest of the trophoblast will develop into the

A

chorion

84
Q

a combination of interlocking fetal and maternal tissues, which serves as the organ of exchange between mother and fetus for the remainder of the pregnancy.

A

placenta

85
Q

The placenta is formed from the…… of the mother and the…… of the developing embryo.

A

decidua basalis; chorionic villi

86
Q

GI tract, liver, pancreas, lung alveoli, bladder and urethra.

A

Endoderm

87
Q

muscle, connective tissue, dermis, epithelium of blood vessels, kidneys and ureters.

A

Mesoderm

88
Q

epidermis and nervous tissue.

A

Ectoderm

89
Q

The embryo receives nutrients and oxygen from the mother through the

A

umbilical cord

90
Q

formation of the organ systems.

A

Organogenesis

91
Q

the amnion, yolk sac, and chorion

A

Formation of extraembryonic membranes

92
Q

the fetus is suspended in a fluid filled sac

A

Amniotic sac

  • Cushion the developing embryo.
  • Provide a constant pressure and temperature.
  • Permit freedom of movement.
93
Q

stimulates the growth of the uterine muscle, needed to deliver the fetus.

A

Estrogen

94
Q

inhibits uterine contractility so that the fetus is not expelled prematurely.

A

Progesterone

95
Q

266 days or 280 days from the beginning of the last menstrual cycle.

A

gestation period

96
Q

birth of the baby

A

parturition

97
Q

begins with rhythmic, forceful contractions of the myometrium of the uterus.

A

Labor

98
Q

released by the posterior pituitary.

A

Oxytocin

99
Q

produced in the uterus in response to oxytocin.

A

Prostaglandins

100
Q

the cervix dilates to 10 cm over a period of 8 to 24 hours, and the amniotic sac ruptures.

A

Dilation

101
Q

forceful uterine contractions expel the fetus from the uterus through the vagina. This requires about 30 minutes during a first pregnancy, and less time in subsequent pregnancies. This is actual parturition.

A

Expulsion

102
Q

within 10 to 15 minutes, the placenta is separated from the uterine wall and expelled as the afterbirth.

A

Placental

103
Q

presentation if it is positioned with its buttocks towards the vagina.

A

breech

104
Q

Breast Development

A
  1. Prior to pregnancy ducts with few alveoli exist
  2. In early pregnancy alveoli grow.
  3. In midpregnancy alveoli enlarge and acquire lumen.
  4. During lactation alveoli dilate.
  5. After weaning the gland regresses.
105
Q

secreted by the anterior pituitary.

Stimulates breast development during pregnancy.
Stimulates production of milk after parturition.

A

Prolactin

106
Q

secreted from the posterior pituitary in response to suckling by the baby.

  • Stimulates milk ejection (contraction of myoepithelial cells around the alveoli).
A

Oxytocin

107
Q

the cessation of menstrual cycles at the end of a woman’s reproductive years.

A

Menopause

occurs as a result of declining ovarian function.

108
Q

the time when menstrual cycles become less regular, but have not yet come to an end.

A

Perimenopause

Human Physiology (4 decks)

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