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BMSC 230 > Chapter 17 Lipid catabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Lipid catabolism Flashcards

1
Q

____ Bodies are an alternative fuel source to sugars & fats.

A

Ketone

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2
Q

_____ & _____ (as well as Pyruvate) are used to make acetyl - CoA

A

Amino Acids , Fatty Acids

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3
Q

Are lipids soluble in water?

A

No

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4
Q

Lipids are hydrophobic or hydrophilic generally?

A

hydrophobic

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5
Q

What are the 5 classes of Lipids?

A 
Triacylglycerols  (triglycerides)
Phospholipids
Glycolipids
Sterols
Fatty Acids
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6
Q

Sterols are used to make what 3 things?

A

Cholesterol
bile salts
hormones

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7
Q

What is a better source of energy? Glucose or lipids?

A

lipids are much better.

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8
Q

What are the 5 major functions of lipids?

A
  1. major source of energy
  2. barriers
  3. cell recognition
  4. hormones
  5. signalling molecules
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9
Q

What process allows lipids to become a major source of energy?

A

fatty acid oxidation

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10
Q

What class of lipid is used for barriers?

A

phospholipids

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11
Q

What class of lipid is used in cell recognition?

A

glycolipids

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12
Q

what are the 2 types of lipid hormones?

A

steroids, eicosanoids

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13
Q

signalling molecules are made from what type of lipid?

A

phospholipids

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14
Q

Are fatty acids a source of energy?

A

yes

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15
Q

Do every fatty acid have a carboxyl on the end?

A

yes

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16
Q

What are 2 ways that fatty acids are distinguished?

A

Length, saturation

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17
Q

saturation refers to what?

A

the number of double bonds or lack of

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18
Q

Saturated fatty acids are in what state at room temperature?

A

solid

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19
Q

Polyunsaturated fatty acids are in what state at room temperature?

A

liquid

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20
Q

Saturated fatty acids have higher or lower melting point?

A

higher melting point

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21
Q

Polyunsaturated fatty acids have higher or lower melting points?

A

lower melting points

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22
Q

T or F: Humans naturally produce transunsaturated fatty acids.

A

False; hard to find trans fatty acids in humans

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23
Q

Trans unsaturated fatty acids are found in what type of organisms?

A

cows, bacteria, plants

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24
Q

In FA Nomenclature what comes very first?

A

length of fatty acid

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25
Q

in FA nomenclature what comes after the “ : “

A

first position of the double bond

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26
Q

What goes in the brackets in FA nomenclature?

A

position of double bond

27
Q

Which carbon is known as the alpha carbon?

A

carbon # 2

28
Q

which carbon is known as the beta carbon?

A

carbon # 3

29
Q

What are fatty acids stored as?

A

triacylglycerols

30
Q

T or F: Fatty acids are toxic and must be stored until used.

A

True;

31
Q

What is the backbone of triacylglycerols?

A

glycerol

32
Q

What type of bond connects Fatty acids to their glycerol backbone?

A

Ester bond

33
Q

What is the most concentrated form of biological energy?

A

triacylglycerols

34
Q

How much more energy does Triacylglycerides have than carbs or proteins per gram?

A

2x

35
Q

How many kJ/g does Triacylglycerol provide?

A

37 kJ/g

36
Q

How many kJ/g does Carbohydrate provide?

A

16 kJ/g

37
Q

How many kJ/g does Protein provide?

A

17 kJ/g

38
Q

Are triacylglycerols chemically inert?

A

yes

39
Q

are triacylglycerols highly oxidized?

A

No ; reduced

40
Q

What does the brain use for energy?

A

glucose + ketone bodies

41
Q

What does the heart use for energy?

A

80% Fatty acids , 20% glucose

42
Q

T or F: Triacylglycerols are soluble in water and can be stored in large quantities.

A

False; insoluble ; allows it to be stored in large quantites

43
Q

Why can’t the brain use Triacylglycerols for energy?

A

can’t cross the Blood Brain Barrier

44
Q

Why does the heart use triacylglycerols for energy?

A

because it requires more energy

45
Q

What allows hummingbirds to be able to sustain flight non-stop (500 miles)?

A

store triacylglycerol in the fall; metabolize

46
Q

What percent of Hummingbird’s weight is Triacylglycerol?

A

70% dry

47
Q

Triacylglycerols are stored in what form?

A

anhydrous form ( no water)

48
Q

How much ATP comes from a single fatty acid?

A

~100atp

49
Q

How much ATP comes from a single glucose molecule?

A

30-32 AtP

50
Q

T or F: glycogen is stored in a hydrous form

A

True; bound to water

51
Q

What are the 2 types of energy reserves in the body?

A
  1. adipose/triacylglycerols

2. Liver/glycogen & muscle/glycogen

52
Q

How long can you live on strictly triacyglycerols? (sedentary)

A

a month (30 days)

53
Q

How long can you live on strictly triacyglycerols? (marathon)

A

3 days

54
Q

how long can you live off muscle glycogen (sedentary)?

A

14 hours

55
Q

how long can you survive off liver glycogen (sedentary) ?

A

4 hours

56
Q

how long can you live off muscle glycogen (walking)?

A

5 hours

57
Q

how long can you live off liver glycogen (walking)?

A

1 hour

58
Q

1 glycogen molecule is bound to how many grams of Water?

A

2g

59
Q

Excessive triacylglycerol is stored as what?

A

adipose tissue

60
Q

too much storage of triacylglycerol leads to what clinical condition?

A

obesity and diabetes

61
Q

High levels of tracylglycerol in blood can lead to what clinical condition?

A

Atherosclerosis - narrowing of blood arteries (heart attacks)

62
Q

What enzyme breaks down Triacylglycerol into its subgroups?

A

Lipases

63
Q

What activates a fatty acid so that it can enter the mitochondria?

A

CoA

64
Q

Where does the cleaving of fatty acids from glycerol back bone take place?

A

extracellular fluid?

BMSC 230 (1 decks)

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