Chapter 17 Immunizations Flashcards
Active Immunization
Longer term
-Administration of antigens so the patient actively amounts an adaptive immune response
Passive immunotherapy
Individual acquire immunity through the transfer of antibodies formed by immune individual or animal
Variolation
– Chinese noticed children who recovered from
smallpox did not contract the disease again.
– They infected children with material from a smallpox
scab to induce immunity.
Edward Jenner
Discovered process of vaccination
Louis Pasteur
Developed a vaccine against Pasteurella multocida
Active Immunization
Attenuated modified live vaccines used pathogens with reduced virulence which is the process called attenuation by encouraging the body to create antibodies and memory immune cells in response to the specific pathogen which the vaccine protects against. This can resukt in mild infections.
Ex: Measles vaccine
Alive vaccines
– Active microbes stimulate a strong immune response
– Can provide contact immunity ( within 48 hours that you have received vaccine with live ones varicella and mmr under 5 years of age )
– Modified microbes may retain enough residual
virulence to cause disease in susceptible
indviduals
Inactivated (killed) vaccines
– Safer than live vaccines
Ex: Meningococcal
Whole agent vaccines
-Inactivated but whole microbes
Ex: Hepatitis A
Subunit vaccines
- Antigenic fragments of microbes
– Often require multiple doses to achieve full immunity
– Often contain adjuvants - Chemicals added to increase effective
antigenicity
Ex: Influenza vaccine and pneumococcal PCV
Toxoid Vaccine
– Chemically or thermally modified toxins used
to stimulate active immunity
– Useful for some bacterial diseases
– Stimulate antibody-mediated immunity
– Require multiple doses because toxoids
possess few antigenic determinants
Ex: DTDAP tetanus vaccine
Combination Vaccines
– Simultaneous administration of antigens from
several pathogens
▪ Vaccines using recombinant gene technology
– Research attempts to make vaccines more
effective, cheaper, and safer
– Recombinant DNA techniques used to improve
vaccines
Ex: Rotavirus
Attenuated Vaccines
Contain a version of the living virus that has been weakened so that it does not cause serious disease in people with healthy immune systems
Ex: MMR and Varicella booster
Problems associated with immunization
– Mild toxicity
– Risk of anaphylactic shock
– Residual virulence from attenuated viruses
– Allegations certain vaccines cause autism,
diabetes, and asthma
Passive Immunotherapy
– Administration of antiserum (can save your life but doesn’t give you any long term effects) that contains preformed antibodies
– Provides immediate protection against a recent infection or
ongoing disease
– Antisera have several limitations
▪ Can trigger allergic reactions called serum sickness
▪ Antibodies of antisera are degraded relatively quickly
▪ Individual not protected from subsequent infections
– Limitations are overcome through development of
Hybridomas
Taking antibodies are combinined with a cancer cell myeloma and they develop a mass production of antibodies like humira from chronic pain) give to someone as passive immunotherapy
Serology
is the determination of the presence of specific
antigens or antibodies in blood serum
Serological tests
are available to identify a variety of antigens
and antibodies in serum
* Serological tests have several uses
– Monitor the spread of infection within a population
– Establish diagnosis of disease
Agglutination Tests (used to check blood typing in humans)
– Agglutination occurs due to the cross-linking of
antibodies with particulate antigens
▪ Agglutination is the clumping of insoluble particles
Hemagglutination
▪ Agglutination of red blood cells
▪ Can be used to determine blood type
Titration
▪ Method to measure antibody levels in blood sera
▪ Serum being tested is serially diluted and tested for
agglutinating activity
▪ Highest dilution of serum giving a positive reaction
is the titer
ELISAs
Stands for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA) or enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
▪ Uses an enzyme as the label
– Reaction of enzyme with its substrate produces
a colored product indicating a positive test
▪ Commonly used to detect the presence of serum
antibodies
Advantages of the ELISA
– Can detect either antibody or antigen
– Sensitive
– Can quantify amounts of antigen or antibody
– Easy to perform and can test many samples
quickly
– Relatively inexpensive and easy to automate
– Plates coated with antigen can be stored for
later testing
The darker the blue color the more antigens there is
Elisa Sandwich
Sandwich is for antibodies
Immunoblot
(can be used to identify HIV or a live disease)
▪ Also called a western blot
▪ Technique to detect proteins such as antibodies in a
complex mixture
▪ Used to confirm the presence of proteins
▪ Three steps
1. Electrophoresis separates proteins in a solution
2. Blotting transfers protein to nitrocellulose
membrane
3. Detects color where antibody has bound to
proteins
