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Biology > Chapter 17 : Gene Expression -From Gene To Protein > Flashcards

Chapter 17 : Gene Expression -From Gene To Protein Flashcards

1
Q

Transfer of information from DNA to mRNA

A

Transcription

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2
Q

Transfers information from mRNA to a polypeptide (changing from language of nucleotides to amino acids)

A

Translation

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3
Q

Sites of translation (sites of the synthesis of a polypeptide)

A

Ribosomes

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4
Q

In prokaryotes, which lack a nucleus, transcription and translation can occur:

A

Simultaneously

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5
Q

I’m eukaryotes, the mRNA is processed before it exits the _______ and enters the _______, where translation occurs.

A

Nucleus; cytoplasm

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6
Q

Initial RNA transcript of any gene

A

Primary transcript

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7
Q

In what 3 ways does RNA differ from DNA

A
  1. The sugar component is ribose, rather than deoxyribose
  2. Uracil (U) replaces thymine (T) as a nitrogenous base
  3. RNA is usually single stranded
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8
Q

Central dogma

A

DNA —> RNA —> protein

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9
Q

A sequence of 3 nucleotides provides how many possible unique sequences of nucleotides

A

4^3 or 64

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10
Q

The mRNA is _______ to the DNA template

A

Complimentary

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11
Q

What replaces thymine in mRNA?

A

Uracil

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12
Q

The nontemplate strand can also be known as the

A

Coding strand

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13
Q

Is sequence of codons read 3’ to 5’ or 5’ to 3’?

A

5’ to 3’

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14
Q

M. Nirenberg added artificial “poly U” mRNA to a test tube and obtained a polypeptide containing a _____ ____.

A

Amino acid

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15
Q

Stat codon

A

AUG

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16
Q

How many stop codons are there?

A

3

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17
Q

DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription.

A

Promoter

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18
Q

Terminator

A

Sequence that signals the end of transcription

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19
Q

Bacteria have _____ type of RNA polymerase, but eukaryotes have _____.

A

1 ; 3

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20
Q

What RNA polymerase in eukaryotes synthesizes mRNA

A

RNA polymerase II

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21
Q

First step of transcription in Eukaryotes

A

Initiation : Transcription factors bind to the promoter and facilitate the binding of RNA polymerase II, forming a transcription initiation complex; RNA polymerase II separates DNA strands and transcription begins at the start point

22
Q

Second key step of transcription in Eukaryotes

A

Elongation : RNA polymerase II moved along DNA strand, connecting RNA nucleotides that have paired to the DNA template to the 3’ end of the growing RNA strand

23
Q

Third key step in transcription in Eukaryotes

A

Termination : After polymerase transcribes past a polyadenylation signal sequence, the pre-mRNA is cut and released

24
Q

The promoter includes the transcription start point and recognition sequences, such as the ____ box

A

TATA

25
Q

Transcription factors first have to recognize and bind to the promoter before RNA polymerase II can attach, at which point the assembly is called the

A

Transcription initiation complex

26
Q

In prokaryotes, transcription ends after mRNA polymerase transcribes the ____ sequence.

A

Terminator

27
Q

A string of adenine nucleotides

A

Poly-A tail

28
Q

What end is the poly-A tail added to?

A

3’

29
Q

What end is the cap added to?

A

5’

30
Q

Long segments of non-coding nucleotide sequences

A

Introns

31
Q

The coding regions (opposite of introns)

A

Exons

32
Q

After a primary transcript is made of a gene, what is removed and what is joined together before the mRNA leaves the nucleus

A

Introns leave ; exons join together

33
Q

The process of introns being removed and exons joining together

A

RNA splicing

34
Q

Small RNA’s within a large protein complex

A

Spliceosome

35
Q

What do spliceosomes do?

A

Snip an introns out of the transcript and connect the adjoining exons

36
Q

RNA molecules that act as enzymes

A

Ribozymes

37
Q

What 3 properties of RNA relate to its ability to function as an enzyme?

A
  1. RNA is single stranded and can base pair with itself forming a 3 D structure
  2. Some of its bases contain functional groups that can participate in catalysis
  3. It can hydrogen bond with other nucleic acid molecules, allowing it to precisely locate splicing regions
38
Q

Alternative RNA splicing allows

A

Different polypeptides to be produced from a single gene

39
Q

How does the mRNA that leaves the nucleus differ from pre-mRNA?

A

A 5’ cap with a modified guanine nucleotide is added to the 5’ UTR. A poly-A tail with up to 260 adenine nucleotides is attached to the 3’ UTR. Spliceosomes have cut out the introns and spliced the exons together

40
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules carry amino acids to

A

Ribosomes

41
Q

Each tRNA has an anticodon that base pairs with a _____ codon on mRNA

A

Complimentary

42
Q

Where is tRNA transcribed

A

The nucleus of a Eukaryote, then it moves into the cytoplasm

43
Q

Each amino acid has a specific aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase that attaches it to its appropriate ____ molecules to create an aminoacyl tRNA

A

tRNA

44
Q

Ribosomes consist of large and small subunits that are constructed in the

A

Nucleolus in Eukaryotes

45
Q

What are the 3 tRNA binding sites

A
  1. P site : peptidyl; holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide
  2. A site : aminoacyl; holds the tRNA carrying the amino acid to be added next
  3. E site : exit site; discharged tRNA’s leave the ribosome
46
Q

What kind of RNA is primarily responsible for both the structure and function of a ribosome

A

tRNA

47
Q

Initiation and elongation require energy from what

A

Hydrolysis of GTP

48
Q

Name the 3 stop codons

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

49
Q

Polypeptide synthesis begins in the

A

Cytoplasm

50
Q

Mutations that are small scale

A

Point mutations

51
Q

Types of small-scale mutations

A
  1. Nucleotide pair substitution : one nucleotide and its complementary partner is replaced with another pair of nucleotides.
  2. Silent mutations : a substitution that doesn’t change the amino acid translation
  3. Missense mutation : results in the imsertion of a different amino acid
  4. Nonsense mutation : occurs when a point mutation changes an amino acid codon into a stop codons
  5. Nucleotide pair insertions or deletions (frameshift mutations)

Biology (2 decks)

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