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chapter 17- endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

what does the endocrine system do?

A

regulates physiological processes throughout the body

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2
Q

what other system does the endocrine system work hand and hand with?

A

the nervous system

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3
Q

what is the common goal of the endocrine system?

A

to achieve and maintain homeostasis

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4
Q

what does the endocrine system consist of?

A

endocrine glands/ tissue throughout the body

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5
Q

what do endocrine glands secrete?

A

chemical messengers; hormones

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6
Q

how are hormones transported throughout the body?

A

via blood and binds to receptors on target tissue (effector)

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7
Q

what do hormones control in a broad sense?

A

physiological events in the body

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8
Q

what are some specific examples of what hormones control?

A

growth and development
tissue formation
metabolism and energy balance
reproduction
sexual development
fluid, electrolyte, and nutrition homeostasis
behavior
immune system

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9
Q

what do hormones do for growth and development ?

A

stimulate osteocytes to secrete new matrix, neurons to form and strengthen the synapse, and skeletal muscle fibers enlarge

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10
Q

what do hormones do for metabolism?

A

stimulate glucose regulation, production of enzymes essential for food breakdown/ absorption, adjusts HR, BP, RR to better adapt to current metabolic demand

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11
Q

what do hormones do for blood composition?

A

hormones regulate renal function by controlling which ions/ water are retained or excreted. regulates the pH of plasma, # and types of blood cells produced and the amount of proteins in the blood plasma.

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12
Q

what do hormones do for reproduction?

A

regulate reproduction via production of gametes, and have a role in milk production (PRL and oxytocin)

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13
Q

What type of signaling is used in endocrine vs nervous system?

A

endocrine- chemical (hormones)
nervous- electronic (neural impulses/neurotransmitters)

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14
Q

is the system wired or wireless in the endocrine system?

A

endocrine- wireless, widespread effect
nervous- wired, localized effect

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15
Q

what is the response time for the endocrine system vs NS?

A

endocrine- slow. long lasting
nervous- rapid, brief duration

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16
Q

true or false, some molecules can act as both neurotransmitters and hormones depending on the source

A

true

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17
Q

what are 4 classes of chemical messengers?

A

neurotransmitter, autocrine, paracrine, endocrine

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18
Q

what produces neurotransmitters?

A

neurons

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19
Q

what are neurotransmitters secreted into?

A

synapse

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20
Q

where do neurotransmitters travel to?

A

short distances to adjacent cells= effector= paracrine agents

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21
Q

what is autocrine ?

A

cell produces a hormone that acts on itself

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22
Q

example of an autocrine messenger:

A

T lymphocytes wit an infection

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23
Q

example of a neurotransmitter:

A

acetylcholine and epinephrine

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24
Q

what is paracrine?

A

cell produces a hormone that acts on neighboring cells

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25
example of paracrine messenger:
somatostatin and histamine
26
what is endocrine messenger?
ductless, releases a substance into the blood to a distant target cell
27
where are hormones produced and secreted by
endocrine glands
28
what are hormones?
chemical messengers created in response to stimulation
29
how do hormones work?
they travel through the blood to act on a distant target tissue, then stimulate a response
30
true or false- the action hormones produce is usually generalized?
false- it is cell specific
31
how do hormones fit into a receptor?
lock and key
32
what is a receptor?
protein molecules bind specifically with a hormone and trigger a specific physiological changes in the target cell
33
what can hormones do when they bind to a specific receptor?
turn things on (stimulate) or turn things off (inhibit)
34
where are hormones regulated ?
the hypothalamus in the brain
35
what are hormones required to have?
distinct and specific effects at the target organ
36
what establishes the action of a hormone at the target ?
receptors on or in the target organ cell
37
is it possible for a particular hormone to cause different responses in different tissues ?
yes
38
what is a source tissue?
where the hormone is released into the bloodstream
39
what is an example of a source tissue?
pancreatic islet cells are the source tissue for the hormone insulin
40
what are target tissues ?
possesses receptors for the hormone and responds to the hormone by a specific action
41
true or false, minimal cells of the body possesses receptors for insulin which alter the availability and processing of glucose by those cells
false- most cells possess receptors for insulin
42
what is one of the pineal glands major functions?
melatonin production
43
what is one of the hypothalamus' major functions?
"true master" regulates other glands
44
what is one of the pituitary glands major functions?
secretes 8 hormones
45
what is one of the thyroid glands major functions?
metabolism, calcium regulation (stores it)
46
what is one of the parathyroid glands major functions?
releases calcium
47
what is one of the thymus major functions?
immune potential as a child, turns to fat when an adult
48
what is one of the pancreas' major functions?
secretes insulin
49
what are some of the adrenal glands major functions?
makes steroids, regulates sodium snd stress levels, where epinephrine is found
50
what are some of the testicles/ ovaries major functions?
development of sperm and production of testosterone egg production
51
what are some nontraditional hormone secreting organs?
heart, kidneys, stomach, intestines, and adipose tissue
52
what hormone does the heart secrete?
atrial natriuretic peptide
53
what hormone do the kidneys secrete?
erythropoietin (makes RBC) renin (regulates BP)
54
what hormones do the stomach produce?
gastrin (for digestion)
55
what hormones do the intestines secrete?
cytokines, incretins, ghrelin (all for digestion)
56
what hormones do adipose tissue produce?
leptin (weight regulation ) adiponectin
57
what are the three types of stimuli control hormone release?
humoral, hormonal, neural
58
how do humoral stimulus work?
hormone release caused by altered levels of certain critical ions or nutrients
59
how do neural stimulus work?
hormone release caused by neural input
60
how does hormonal stimulus work?
hormone released is caused by another hormone (atropic hormone)
61
what is are hormones controlled by in humoral control?
the level of the controlled substance in the blood flowing through the endocrine source of tissue itself
62
what is an example of humoral control?
the control of glucose by insulin and glucagon production and release by the pancreas
63
what is the production of hormones controlled by in neural control?
the direct neural stimulation of the source tissue
64
what is an example of neural control
the only occurrence of this is the direct sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medulla to release catecholamines directly into the bloodstream
65
what is the production of hormones controlled by in hormonal control?
the blood level of a hormone produced by a different source tissue
66
what is hormonal control another mechanism of?
biological amplification
67
what is an example of hormonal control?
the control of the production of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
68
what are tropic hormones?
hormones that stimulate the secretion of other hormones (endocrine to endocrine)
69
what are the most common tropic hormones?
anterior pituitary (feedback loops)
70
what are inhibitory hormones
hormones are released from the hypothalamus and prevent tropic hormone release
71
is inhibitory hormones an example of negative or positive feedback loops?
negative - no stimulus decreases TH release
72
what are the 3 patterns that determine hormone blood levels?
chronic, acute, and episodic
73
what is chronic hormone secretion?
constant blood levels over long timeframe * TH- kept relatively constant
74
what is acute hormone secretions?
when hormone concentration has sudden or irregular changes in a short timeframe, circulating levels differ with each stimulus (epinephrine-stress)
75
what is episodic hormone secretions?
when hormone secreted at predictable intervals and concentrations, predictable bursts *reproductive hormones - cyclical
76
can polar hormones pass through the cell membrane?
no
77
can polar hormones pass through the mucosa of the gut?
no
78
how must polar hormones be administered?
by injection
79
what do polar hormones act as for mechanisms outside of the cell?
act as a second messenger
80
what are examples of polar hormones (water soluble)?
catecholamines (NE, EPI), melatonin, and calcitonin
81
what are examples of lipophilic (fat soluble) hormones?
steroid and thyroid hormones
82
can lipophilic hormone cross cell membranes?
yes
83
how can lipophilic hormones be administered?
orally
84
what is the most common controlling mechanism?
negative feedback
85
what is negative feedback?
when the hormone's secretions are inhibited by the hormone itself
86
what happens in negative feedback?
the hypothalamus senses that something is wrong so it signals the pituitary to release a certain hormone. pituitary hormone travels through the bloodstream to the target organ to produce the new hormone the target organ hormone is produced which signals the hypothalamus hypothalamus senses balance and stop signaling the pituitary.
87
how does negative feedback work with insulin?
insulin is secreted by the pancreatic beta cells in response to increased BS insulin cases an increase i sugar uptake into cells that then lower BS conc. the BS then decreases until there is another secretion of insulin
88
is positive feedback common in the body?
no- rare mechanism
89
what does positive feedback do to the original process?
accelerates it- explosive and reinforcing
90
how does positive feedback work?
the hormone has a biological action that directly or indirectly causes more secretion of the hormone.
91
example of positive feedback?
during childbirth, the stretching of the cervix causes oxytocin to be released, oxytocin causes uterine contractions, the uterine contraction causes more cervica stretch and continues to stimulate oxytocin until the baby is born

structure 2 (8 decks)

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