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Wake Tech Anatomy & Physiology Part 2 > Chapter 17 - Endocrine > Flashcards

Chapter 17 - Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine means

A

Internal secretion

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2
Q

Endocrine system sends ________ that travel through the ________

A

Sends chemical messengers (hormones) that travel through the blood

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3
Q

Paracrine is

A

Communication between adjacent cells

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4
Q

Autochrine is

A

Regulation within a single cell

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5
Q

Target cells:

A

Cells which can respond to a hormone; must have receptors for that hormone

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6
Q

Receptor

A

Protein which binds hormone and causes a biological response

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7
Q

Binding protein

A

Bind hormones but for transport or some other function

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8
Q

Hormones may be classified by source and structure:

What are examples:

A

Source: pituitary hormones, thyroid hormones

Structure and source: corticosteroids and gonadal steroids

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9
Q

Endocrine functions

A

Regulate growth, development, metabolism

Maintain homeostasis

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10
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Entirely endocrine function

Ex: pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, pineal

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11
Q

Endocrine cells

A

Within larger organ

Ex: endocrine cells in pancreas, stomach, kidney, gonads

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12
Q

3 types of stimuli that regulate hormone secretion

A

Hormonal stimulation
Humoral stimulation
Nervous stimulation

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13
Q

Hormonal stimulation is

A

One hormone stimulates release of another hormone

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14
Q

Humoral stimulation

A

Response to change in blood levels of some molecule or ion

Ex: Na+, Ca++

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15
Q

Nervous stimulation

A

Nerve stimulation cells to release hormones

Ex: adrenal medulla part of sympathetic nervous system

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16
Q

Hormonal stimulation sequence

A
  1. Anterior pituitary releases thyroid-stimulation hormone

2. TSH stimulates thyroid gland to release Thyroid Hormone

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17
Q

Humoral Stimulation Sequence

A
  1. Blood glucose levels increase

2. Increased blood glucose stimulates pancreas to release insulin

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18
Q

Nervous System Stimulation Sequence

A
  1. Sympathetic division is activated

2. Sympathetic preganglionic axons stimulates adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine

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19
Q

Hormone Structure Consists Of?

A

Steroids
Calcitriol
Proteins
Biogenic Amines

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20
Q

Steroids

A

Made from cholesterol, lipid soluble

Ex: cortisol, testosterone, estrogen

Bind to move through blood (not water soluble)

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21
Q

Calcitriol

A

Hormone made from vitamin D; considered steroid

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22
Q

Proteins

A

Chains of amino acids, water soluble

Ex: growth hormone, GnRH, Oxytocin

Must enter act with receptors to go through plasma membrane

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23
Q

Biogenic Amines

A

Made from one or two amino acids

1 amino acid - catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine), melatonin, water soluble

2 amino acids: thyroid hormones, lipid soluble

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24
Q

3 subgroups proteins have

A

Small peptides
Large polypeptides
Glycoproteins

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25
Q

Local Hormones

A

Do not circulate in blood, act auto tune or paracrine

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26
Q

Eicosanoids

A

Made from arachidonic acid (fatty acid in cell membrane)

Types include: prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes

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27
Q

Phospholipase 2

A

Enzymes cuts arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipid, anti-inflammatory steroids inhibit this step, block synthesis of all three types

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28
Q

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

A

NSAID, block cyclooxygenase enzyme

29
Q

Cyclooxygenase (COX)

A

catalyzes first step in prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis

Has two types: both inhibited by aspirin, ibuprofen

30
Q

COX 1

A

Active in platelets protecting stomach and intestinal lining, inhibitors can increase risk of bleeding ulcers

31
Q

COX 2

A

Celebrex inhibits only COX 2

32
Q

Lipid soluble

A

Need carrier proteins (binding proteins) to be soluble in blood, increase half-life

33
Q

Bound hormone

A

Not active, majority of hormone in blood >90%, res our for hormone

34
Q

Free hormone

A

Inbound, active (can enter target cell)

35
Q

Some bound

A

To specific proteins, others bound to non specific protein such as Albumin

36
Q

Water soluble

A

Hormones do not need binding proteins to be soluble but some do have them

37
Q

Insulin-Like Growth Factor

A

Has family of binding proteins, increase half-life, may increase activity of hormone

38
Q

Primary determinant of physiological effects

A

Hormone concentration in blood

Concentration balance between hormone synthesis and elimination

39
Q

Uptake into target cell

A

Produces biological effect

40
Q

Elimination

A

Enzymatic degradation or excretion in urine or feces

41
Q

Endocrine diseases can result from hypersecretion or hyposecretion

Hyper and hypo mean

A

Hyper - too much

Hypo - too little

42
Q

Primary hypo or hypo deals with

A

Problems with hormone producing gland

43
Q

Secondary hyper or hypo deal with

A

Problem with tropic hormone

44
Q

An example of hyper or hypo is

A

Hypothyroidism could be caused by problem at thyroid or by by problem with thyroid stimulating hormone from pituitary

45
Q

Trophies hormone

A

One which stimulates secretion of another

Ex: Luteinizing hormone, growth hormone

46
Q

Lack of hormone effects can be due to…

A

To deficiency of hormone or lack of receptors (insensitivity)

There are no good treatments for lack of receptors

47
Q

Half life:

A

Time necessary for one-half of dose of hormone to be cleared from circulation

Minutes to days

48
Q

Half life is affected by

A

Affected by structure of hormone, binding proteins

49
Q

Peptide half life

A

Small peptides - shorter half life

Broken down by enzymes in liver or kidney

50
Q

Exopeptidases

A

Cleave (severe or split) amino acids from ends of molecule, non specific

51
Q

Endopeptidases

A

Cleave (split or sever) internally, often specific for hormone or family of hormones

Ex: insulinase

52
Q

Steroid and thyroid hormone degradation

A

Liver: sulfates or attached to glucuronic acid

Increases solubility

Some excreted in urine

Most go though bike to intestine and excreted in fever

Hormones can be measured in feces, urine, saliva

53
Q

What are the two major anime breakdown

A

Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) and Catechol-O-Methyl Transferase (COMT)

Inhibitors of these enzymes used in treatment of many psychiatric disorders

54
Q

Hormone receptors

A

Target cell must have receptor for hormone, some hormones have >1 type of receptor

Lipophilic hormones pass through plasma membrane

Bind to intercellular receptor to form hormone-receptor complex
Complex binds to specific DNA sequence called hormone-response element
Turns on or off transcription of gene with that sequence

mRNA produced by transcription translated into protein at ribsome

55
Q

Estrogen receptors a and b

A

1996 second type of estrogen receptor found and cloned (called esr2)

Both are intercellular

DNA Binding domain 95% identical
Ligand binding domain 55% identical

Affinity for ligand mostly similar, >1 estrogen, some exogenous compounds can bid receptors

56
Q

Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERM)

A

Tissue distribution differ between types
Some tissues have both types
ER and may oppose each other in some tissues

Developing selective ligand for each type SERM,

Ex Evista, Nolvadex
Xenoestrogens
Hormones effects due to protein translation time (>30 mins)
Some effects of lipid soluble hormones occur immediately
Different type of receptor in plasma membrane may act like receptors for water soluble hormones

57
Q

Xenoestrogens

A

Foreign compounds have some estrogen if effect, can be phytoestrogens or synthetic molecules classified as endocrine disruptors

58
Q

Cell Membrane ER

A

Proteins found that bind Estrogens associated with other cell signaling pathways

Now thought to be ER bound near membrane
Others propose a new receptor ERX

59
Q

Plasma membrane receptors
Some hormones can not pass through plasma membrane

What’s the process:

A

Bind to receptor in membrane

Start signal transduction pathway which produces second messenger

Most pathways use G protein coupled receptors (bind guanine diphosphate GPD when I’m active and GTP when active)
When hormone binds receptors goes from inactive to active
G protein activates or inhibits on of two pathways: adenylate cyclase or phospholipase C

60
Q

Adenylate Cyclase Pathway

A

Activated G protein binds to adenylate cyclase
Adenylate cyclase converts to ATP to cAMP
cAMP activates protein kinase A (PKA) which phosphorylates other molecules

Amplification: multiple molecules active each step so a few hormone molecules can have great effect
Phosphodiesterase: breaks down cAMP, end response; inhibitors can enhance physiological effect

61
Q

Phospholipase C Pathways

A

Active G protein binds phospholipase C (PLC)

PLC splits PIP2 from plasma membrane into Diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol triphosphate (IP3)

DAG phosphorylates protein kinase C (pkc)

ip3 releases intracellular Ca++ from ER or opens Ca++ channels in plasma membrane
Ca++ activated enzymes directly or after binding calmodulin
Amplification at each step in pathway

62
Q

Receptor Kinases

A

Another group of water soluble hormones works through receptors that are kinases
Extra cellular domain binds hormone

Intracellular domain phosphorylates some proteins after ligand binding

These phosphorylate other proteins which modified their activity
Binding causes dimerizarion of receptors

63
Q

Peptide Hormones Bind to Cell Surface Receptors Process

A

1 - the a subunit binds insulin (the signal)

2 - the b subunit transmits a signal from bound insulin to the cytoplasm

3 - the insulin signal activated the receptors protein kinases domain in the cytoplasm

4 - protein kinases from the receptor phosphorylate insulin-response substrates triggering other chemical responses inside the cell

64
Q

Degree of cellular response

A

Response can vary with different number of receptors and with the effects of other hormones

65
Q

Up regulation

A

Increasing number of receptors, makes call more sensitive to hormone effects

66
Q

Down regulation

A

Decreasing number of receptors, often occurs after target cell is stimulated by hormone, prevent over response

67
Q

Synergistic

A

One hormone reinforces effects of another hormone

Ex: Estrogen and Progrsterone

68
Q

Permissive

A

Effects of one hormone require presence if another hormone

Ex: growth hormone stimulation of growth requires thyroid hormone presence

69
Q

Antagonistic

A

Effects of one hormone blocks effect of another

Ex: insulin can block glucagon affects on blood glucose levels

Wake Tech Anatomy & Physiology Part 2 (1 decks)

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