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Anatomy And Physiology > Chapter 17 Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the blood include?

A

Transport
Regulation
Protection

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2
Q

Transport functions include

A
  • Delivering O2 and nutrients to body cells
  • Transporting metabolic wastes to lungs and kidneys for elimination
  • Transporting hormones form endocrine organs to target organs
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3
Q

Regulation functions include

A
  • Maintaining body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat
  • Maintaining normal pH using buffers; alkaline reserve of bicarbonate ions
  • Maintaining adequate fluid volume in circulatory system
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4
Q

Protection functions include

A

-Preventing blood loss
Plasma proteins and platelets in blood initiate clot formation
-Preventing infection
Agents of immunity are carried in blood
+Antibodies
+Complement proteins
+White blood cells

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5
Q

What are elements?

which are cells that are living blood cells

A
  • Cells are suspended in plasma
  • Formed elements
    Erythrocytes (red blood cells, or RBCs)
    Leukocytes (white blood cells, or WBCs)
    Platelets
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6
Q

Spun tube of blood yields three layers:

A

-Erythrocytes on bottom (~45% of whole blood)
Hematocrit: percent of blood volume that is RBCs
Normal values:
Males: 47% ± 5%
Females: 42% ± 5%
-WBCs and platelets in Buffy coat (< 1%)
Thin, whitish layer between RBCs and plasma layers
-Plasma on top (~55%)

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7
Q

Physical Characteristics and Volume

A

-Blood is a sticky, opaque fluid with metallic taste
-Color varies with O2 content
High O2 levels show a scarlet red
Low O2 levels show a dark red
pH 7.35–7.45
-Makes up ~8% of body weight
-Average volume:
Males: 5–6 L
Females: 4–5 L

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8
Q

Blood Plasma

A

Blood plasma is straw-colored sticky fluid
-About 90% water
Over 100 dissolved solutes
-Nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, proteins, inorganic ions
-Plasma proteins are most abundant solutes
Remain in blood; not taken up by cells
Proteins produced mostly by liver
Albumin: makes up 60% of plasma proteins
Functions as carrier of other molecules, as blood buffer, and contributes to plasma osmotic pressure

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9
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

-formation of all blood cells
-Occurs in red bone marrow; composed of reticular connective tissue and blood sinusoids
In adult, found in axial skeleton, girdles, and proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur

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10
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells (hemocytoblasts)

A
  • Stem cell that gives rise to all formed elements
  • Hormones and growth factors push cell toward specific pathway of blood cell development
  • Committed cells cannot change
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11
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

process of formation of RBCs that takes about 15 days

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12
Q

Stages of erythropoiesis

A
  1. Hematopoietic stem cell: transforms into myeloid stem cell
  2. Myeloid stem cell: transforms into proerythroblast
  3. Proerythroblast: divides many times, transforming into basophilic erythroblasts
  4. Basophilic erythroblasts: synthesize many ribosomes, which stain blue
  5. Polychromatic erythroblasts: synthesize large amounts of red-hued hemoglobin; cell now shows both pink and blue areas
  6. Orthochromatic erythroblasts: contain mostly hemoglobin, so appear just pink; eject most organelles; nucleus degrades, causing concave shape
  7. Reticulocytes: still contain small amount of ribosomes
  8. Mature erythrocyte: in 2 days, ribosomes degrade, transforming into mature RBC
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13
Q

Too few RBCs lead to..

A

tissue hypoxia

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14
Q

Too many RBCs increase….

A

blood viscosity

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15
Q

Erythropoietin

A

hormone that stimulates formation of RBCs

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16
Q

Hypoxia

A

is a condition where not enough oxygen makes it to the cells and tissues in the body. This can happen even though blood flow is normal

17
Q

Causes of hypoxia

A

-Decreased RBC numbers due to hemorrhage or increased destruction
-Insufficient hemoglobin per RBC (example: iron deficiency)
-Reduced availability of O2 (example: high altitudes or lung problems such as pneumonia)
-Too many erythrocytes or high oxygen levels in blood inhibit EPO production
-EPO causes erythrocytes to mature faster
Testosterone enhances EPO production, resulting in higher RBC counts in males

18
Q

RBC breakdown

A

heme, iron, and globin are separated

19
Q

Anemia

A

-Blood has abnormally low O2-carrying capacity that is too low to support normal metabolism
-Three groups based on cause
Blood loss
Not enough RBCs produced
Too many RBCs being destroyed

20
Q

Anemia (Blood loss)

A

-Hemorrhagic anemia
Rapid blood loss (example: severe wound)
Treated by blood replacement
-Chronic hemorrhagic anemia
Slight but persistent blood loss
Example: hemorrhoids, bleeding ulcer
Primary problem must be treated to stop blood loss

21
Q

Anemia (Not enough RBCs being produced)

A

IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
-Can be caused by hemorrhagic anemia, but also by low iron intake or impaired absorption
-RBCs produced are called microcytes
Small, pale in color
Cannot synthesize hemoglobin because there is a lack of iron
-Treatment: iron supplements
PERNICIOUS ANEMIA
-Autoimmune disease that destroys stomach mucosa that produces intrinsic factor
-Intrinsic factor needed to absorb B12
-B12 is needed to help RBCs divide
-Without B12 RBCs enlarge but cannot divide, resultingin large macrocytes
-Treatment: B12 injections or nasal gel
- Can also be caused by low dietary intake of B12
Can be a problem for vegetarians
RENAL ANEMIA
- Caused by lack of EPO
- Often accompanies renal disease
Kidneys cannot produce enough EPO
- Treatment: synthetic EPO
APLASTIC ANEMIA
-Destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow
-Can be caused by drugs, chemicals, radiation,or viruses
Usually cause is unknown
-All formed element cell lines are affected
Results in anemia as well as clotting and immunity defects
-Treatment: short-term with transfusions, long-term with transplanted stem cells

22
Q

Anemia (Too many RBCs destroyed)

A

-Premature lysis of RBCs
Referred to as hemolytic anemias
-Can be caused by:
Incompatible transfusions or infections
Hemoglobin abnormalities: usually genetic disorder resulting in abnormal globin
+Thalassemias
+Sickle-cell anemia

23
Q

Anemia (Too many RBCs destroyed)

THALASSEMIAS

A

-Typically found in people of Mediterranean ancestry
-One globin chain is absent or faulty
-RBCs are thin, delicate, and deficient in hemoglobin
-Many subtypes that range in severity from mild to extremely severe
Very severe cases may require monthly blood transfusions

24
Q

Anemia (Too many RBCs destroyed)

SICKLE-CELL ANEMIA

A

-Hemoglobin S: mutated hemoglobin
Only 1 amino acid is wrong in a globin beta chain of 146 amino acids
-RBCs become crescent shaped when O2 levels are low
Example: during exercise
-Misshaped RBCs rupture easily and block small vessels
Results in poor O2 delivery and pain
-Prevalent in black people of the African malarial belt and their descendants
-Possible benefit: people with sickle cell do not contract malaria
Kills 1 million each year
Individuals with two copies of Hb-S can develop sickle-cell anemia
Individuals with only one copy have milder disease and better chance of surviving malaria
-Treatment: acute crisis treated with transfusions; inhaled nitric oxide
-Prevention of sickling:
Hydroxyurea induces formation of fetal hemoglobin (which does not sickle)
Stem cell transplants
Gene therapy
Nitric oxide for vasodilation

25
Q

Polycythemia Vera

A

Bone marrow cancer leading to excess RBCs

26
Q

Polycythemia

A

Abnormal excess of RBCs; increases blood viscosity, causing sluggish blood flow

27
Q

Secondary polycythemia

A

caused by low O2 levels (example: high altitude) or increasedEPO production

28
Q

Polycythemia (Blood doping)

A

athletes remove, store, and reinfuse RBCs before an event to increase O2 levels for stamina

29
Q

Lymphocytes

A

-Second most numerous WBC, accounts for 25%
-Large, dark purple, circular nuclei with thin rim of blue cytoplasm
-Mostly found in lymphoid tissue (example: lymph nodes, spleen), but a few circulate in blood
-Crucial to immunity
-Two types of lymphocytes
T lymphocytes (T cells) act against virus-infected cells and tumor cells
B lymphocytes (B cells) give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies

Anatomy And Physiology (2 decks)

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