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Nursing 115 > Chapter 17 Assessment of Respiratory Function > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Assessment of Respiratory Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is the upper respiratory tract consist of?

A

Nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, tonsils, adenoids, larynx, and trachea

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2
Q

What is the purpose of the nose?

A

To filter, warm, and humidfy the air

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3
Q

How many passageways does each nasal cavity have?

A

3
Superior turbinate
Middle turbinate
Inferior turbinate

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4
Q

What is the 4 bony cavities of the paranasal sinuses lined with?

A

Nasal mucosa and ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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5
Q

Where is a common site for infections in upper respiratory tract?

A

Paranasal Sinuses

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6
Q

What prominent function does the sinuses do?

A

serves as a resonating chamber in speech

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7
Q

What are the names of the 4 sinuses?

A

Named after their locations
Frontal
Ethmoid
Spenoid
Maxillary

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8
Q

what are the three regions of pharynx (throat)?

A

Nasal
Oral
Laryngeal

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9
Q

Where is the faucial (palatine) and tonsils located?

A

Housed in the oropharynx

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10
Q

What is the passageway for the respiratory and digestive tracts?

A

The pharynx

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11
Q

Are adenoids and tonsils part of the lymphatic system?

A

True

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12
Q

What does the larynx connect?

A

Pharynx and trachea

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13
Q

What is the main function of the larynx?

A

Vocalization

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14
Q

What is part of the larynx?

A

Epiglottis
Glottis (opening between the vocal cords)
Thyroid cartilage (largest cartilage structure and forms part of the Adamā€™s apple)
Cricoid cartilage
Arytenoid cartilages (used in vocal cord movement with the thyroid cartilage)
Vocal Cords(located in the lumen of the larynx)

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15
Q

Why is the larynx considered the watch dog of the lungs?

A

It protects lower airways from foreign substances and helps with coughing.

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16
Q

What is the trachea (windpipe) composed of?

A

Smooth muscle with C-shaped rings of cartilage, to prevent the wall of the trachea from collapsing.

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17
Q

What connects the larynx to the right and left main stem bronchi?

A

Trachea

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18
Q

What does the lower respiratory tract consist of?

A

The lungs
Which contain the bronchial and alveolar structures

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19
Q

What covers the lungs and thoracic cavity?

A

Visceral pleura covers the lungs
Parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity, lateral wall of the mediastinum, diaphragm, and inner aspects of the ribs.

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20
Q

What does the mediastinum contain?

A

The lungs, heart, thymus, aorta, vena cava, and esophagus

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21
Q

Where does oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange take place?

A

Alveoli

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22
Q

Where is surfactant produced and what does it do?

A

Produced by type 2 alveolar cells and it reduces surface tension in the lungs

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23
Q

What may alter bronchial diameter and affects airway resistance?

A

Asthma, chronic bronchitis, obstruction(mucus, tumor, foreign body), emphysema (loss of lung elasticity, keepings airways open),

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24
Q

What conditions are associated with decreased compliance?

A

Severe obesity, pneumothorax, hemothorax, pleural effusion, pulmonary edema, atelectasis, pulmonary fibrosis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome

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25
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath
normal value 500ml or 5-10ml/kg
does not vary even with severe disease

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26
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

A

The max volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation
Normal value is 3000mL

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27
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

A

The max volume of air that can be exhaled forcibly after normal exhalation
Normal value is 1100mL
is decreased with restrictive conditons such as obesity, ascites, & pregnancy

28
Q

What is the equation for vital capacity?

A

VC=TV+IRV+ERV
Normal value 4600mL
decrease may be found in neuromuscular disease, generalized fatigue. atelectasis, pulmonary edema, COPD, and obsesity

28
Q

What is the equation for vital capacity?

A

VC=TV+IRV+ERV
Normal value 4600mL
decrease may be found in neuromuscular disease, generalized fatigue. atelectasis, pulmonary edema, COPD, and obesity

29
Q

What is the equation for inspiratory capacity?

A

IC=TV+IRV
normal value is 3500mL
decrease may indicate restrictive disease and obesity

30
Q

What is the equation for functional residual capacity?

A

FRC=ERV+RV
Normal value is 2300mL
may be increased with COPD, ARDS, & obesity

31
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Low level of cellular oxygen

32
Q

What is a shunt?

A

blood bypasses the alveoli without gas exchange occuring
seem with pneumonia, atelectasis, tumor, or a mucus plug
Main cause of hypoxia after thoracic or abdominal surgery and most type of respiratory failure

33
Q

Explain dead space.

A

When ventilation exceeds perfusion
The alveoli do not have enough blood supply for gas exchange to occur
characteristic of pulmonary emboli, pulmonary infraction, and cardiogenic shock

34
Q

Explain silent unit.

A

Absence of limited ventilation and perfusion
Seen in pneumothorax and servere acute repiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

35
Q

What controls the inspiratory and expiratory rate and depth of ventilation?

A

Medulla oblongata and pons

36
Q

What causes reflex hypoventilation or hyperventilation?

A

Baroreceptors (located in aortic and caotid bodies) respond to an increase or decrease in arterial blood pressure.

37
Q

What are major signs or respiratory disease?

A

Dyspnea, cough, sputum production, chest pain, wheezing, and hemoptysis

38
Q

What could sudden dyspnea in a healthy person indicate?

A

pneumothorax (air in pleural cavity), acute respiratory obstruction, allergic reaction, or MI

39
Q

What are common causes of a cough?

A

Asthma, GERD, infection, and side effects of meds such are ACE inhibitors.

40
Q

What could pink-tinged mucoid sputum suggest?

A

Lung tumor

41
Q

What could be the cause of profuse, frothy, pink material sputum suggest?

A

Pulmonary edema

42
Q

What could be the cause of foul-smelling sputum and bad breath suggest?

A

Lung abscess, bronchiectasis, or an infection cause by fusospirochetal or other anaerobic organism

43
Q

What could be associated with chest pain or discomfort?

A

Pulmonary, cardiac, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal disease, or anxiety.

44
Q

What does chest pain feel like if it is a pulmonary condition?

A

sharp, stabbing, and intermittent; or dull, aching, and persistent

45
Q

What is hemoptysis?

A

It is blood coming from the respiratory tract.
Always needs futher investigation and the onset is usaually sudden.

46
Q

What are the most common causes of hemoptysis?

A

Pulmonary infection
Carcinoma of the lung
Abnormalities of the heart or blood vessels
Pulmonary artery or vein abnormalities
PE or infraction

47
Q

What is the pH of blood from the lungs?

A

Above 7 (alkaline)
and is usually bright red

48
Q

What is the pH of blood from the stomach?

A

less than 7 (acidic)
and is usually darker red

49
Q

What is clubbing of the fingers a sign of?

A

Lung disease
chronic hypoxic conditions
chronic lung infections
malignancies of the lung
congenital heart disease
endocarditis
IBS

50
Q

Hispanics are more likely to be diagnosed with asthma than any other race. T/F

A

False

51
Q

What does funnel chest (pectus excavatum) and pigeon chest (Perctus Carinatum) associated with?

A

Rickets or Marfan syndrome

52
Q

Bronchial and bronchovesicular sounds what are heard anywhere else but the main bronchus in the lung could signify what?

A

Pneumonia and heart failure
must be furthur evaluated

53
Q

Which abnormal sound needs emergent attention?

A

Stridor-high pitched musical sounds heard in the neck

54
Q

What is bronchophony and egophony?

A

Bronchophony is vocal resonance that is more intense and clearer than normal
Egophony is voice sounds that are distorted E sounds like A

55
Q

What is associated with general crackles, coarse crackles, and fine crackles?

A

General-heart failure and pulmonary fibrosis
Coarse-obstructive pulmonary disease
Fine- interstitial pneumonia, restrictive pulmonary disease, bronchitis

56
Q

What is associated with wheezes and Rhonchi?

A

Wheezes-chronic bronchitis or bronchiectasis
Rhonchi- secretions or tumor

57
Q

What is the vital capacity that a patient will be unable to sustain spontaneous ventilation and will requre respiratory assistance?

A

Less that 10mL/kg

58
Q

What is used to measure inspiratory force?

A

Manometer

59
Q

What are potential complications when obtaining ABGs?

A

Pain, infection, hematoma, and hemorrhage

60
Q

What do VBG levels reflect?

A

The balance between the amount of oxygen used by tissues and organs and the amount of oxygen returning to the right side of the heart in the blood

61
Q

What is the % that OSA effects?

A

26% ages 30-70
4-9% of woman
9-24% of men
90% are not diagnosed

62
Q

What are the 3sā€™ of OSA?

A

Snoring
sleepiness
significant other report of sleep apnea episodes

63
Q

What is hypersomnolence?

A

Daytime sleepiness

64
Q

What is the daily dose of modafinil that shows improvement to OSA?

A

200-400mg

65
Q

What medication can be given to patients with OSA?

A

Modafinil
armodafinil
protiptyline
medroxyprogesterone acetate
acetazolamide

Nursing 115 (3 decks)

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